1 kilo yağ 1 milyon kilo suyu bozuyor

Uzmanlardan bilgiye göre, ülkemizde yıllık 1 milyon 650 bin bitkisel yağ üretimiyle Avrupa'nın 3. en çok bitkisel yağ tüketilen ülkesi olduğu ortaya çıktı.
Uzmanların yaptığı uyarıda; "Her yıl 350 bin ton bitkisel atık yağ doğaya bırakılıyor. Bu miktarda atık bitkisel yağ toplanıp işlenerek, yıllık ithal edilen petrol miktarı ciddi ölçüde düşürülebilir. Atık yağlar toplanarak biodizel adı verilen, yüksek verim sağlayan bir akaryakıta dönüşebiliyor. Ekonomiye katkı ve gelecek nesillere bırakılacak temiz bir çevre için bitkisel atık yağların değerlendirilmesi çok büyüm bir önem taşımaktadır" denildi.
Şanlıurfa'da yemek kültürünün de etkisiyle her yıl meydana gelen atık yağ miktarı dikkat çekecek miktara ulaşıldığı kaynakta, gerekli toplama, depolama ve geri dönüşüm ünitelerin olması, her yıl çok miktarda atık yağın lavabolardan dökülerek, sulara karışmasına neden olduğu belirtilen açıklamada şu görüşlere yer verildi: "Sulara karışan atık yağ, yeraltı sularının kirlenme nedenlerine bakıldığında göze çarpan en önemli nedenlerden biri. Ayrıca lavabolara dökülen atık yağ miktarı ne olursa olsun, yer altı kanallarında birikerek kanalların tıkanmasına ve normalden çok daha kısa sürede yıpranmasına neden oluyor. Türkiye'nin farklı şehirlerinden toplayıcı firmalar aracılığıyla toplanan atık yağlar Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığı ile İl Valiliklerinin belirlediği koşullarda depolandıktan sonra biodizel elde etmek için işleniyor. Bu nedenlerle şehirlerde toplama ve geçici depolama birimleri oluşturuluyor. Çeşitli illerde belediyelerin de desteklediği proje temiz bir çevre ve su kaynakları için son derece önemli."

Lung Cancer

What is cancer of the lung?
Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body's basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, the body maintains a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumor.
Tumors can be benign or malignant; when we speak of "cancer," we refer to those tumors that are considered malignant. Benign tumors can usually be removed and do not spread to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, on the other hand, grow aggressively and invade other tissues of the body, allowing entry of tumor cells into the bloodstream or lymphatic system which spread the tumor to other sites in the body. This process of spread is termed metastasis; the areas of tumor growth at these distant sites are called metastases. Since lung cancer tends to spread, or metastasize, very early in its course, it is a very life-threatening cancer and one of the most difficult cancers to treat. While lung cancer can spread to any organ in the body, certain organs—particularly the adrenal glands, liver, brain, and bone—are the most common sites for lung cancer metastasis.
The lung is also a very common site for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. Tumor metastases are made up of the same type of cells as the original, or primary, tumor. For example, if prostate cancer spreads via the bloodstream to the lungs, it is metastatic prostate cancer in the lung and is not lung cancer.The principal function of the lungs is the exchange of gases between the air we breathe and the blood. Through the lung, carbon dioxide is removed from the body and oxygen from inspired air enters the bloodstream. The right lung has three lobes, while the left lung is divided into two lobes and a small structure called the lingula that is the equivalent of the middle lobe. The major airways entering the lungs are the bronchi, which arise from the trachea. The bronchi branch into progressively smaller airways called bronchioles that end in tiny sacs known as alveoli, where gas exchange occurs. The lungs and chest wall are covered with a thin layer of tissue called the pleura.
Lung cancers can arise in any part of the lung, and 90%-95% of cancers of the lung are thought to arise from the epithelial, or lining cells of the larger and smaller airways (bronchi and bronchioles); for this reason, lung cancers are sometimes called bronchogenic carcinomas or bronchogenic cancers. Cancers can also arise from the pleura (the thin layer of tissue that surrounds the lungs), called mesotheliomas, or rarely from supporting tissues within the lungs, for example, blood vessels.
How common is lung cancer?
Lung cancer is responsible for the most cancer deaths in both men and women throughout the world. The American Cancer Society estimates that 213,380 new cases of lung cancer in the U.S. will be diagnosed and 160,390 deaths due to lung cancer will occur in 2007. Lung cancer is predominantly a disease of the elderly; almost 70% of people diagnosed with the condition are over 65 years of age, while less than 3% of cases occur in people under age 45.
Lung cancer was not common prior to the 1930s but increased dramatically over the following decades as tobacco smoking increased. In many developing countries, the incidence of lung cancer is beginning to fall following public education about the dangers of cigarette smoking and effective smoking-cessation programs. Nevertheless, lung cancer remains among the most common types of cancers in both men and women worldwide.
Lung cancer has also surpassed breast cancer in causing the most cancer-related deaths in women in the United States.

What causes lung cancer?
Smoking
The incidence of lung cancer is strongly correlated with cigarette smoking, with about 90% of lung cancers arising as a result of tobacco use. The risk of lung cancer increases with the number of cigarettes smoked over time; doctors refer to this risk in terms of pack-years of smoking history (the number of packs of cigarettes smoked per day multiplied by the number of years smoked). For example, a person who has smoked two packs of cigarettes per day for 10 years has a 20 pack-year smoking history. While the risk of lung cancer is increased with even a 10 pack-year smoking history, those with 30 pack-year histories or more are considered to have the greatest risk for the development of lung cancer. Among those who smoke two or more packs of cigarettes per day, one in seven will die of lung cancer.
Pipe and cigar smoking can also cause lung cancer, although the risk is not as high as with cigarette smoking. While someone who smokes one pack of cigarettes per day has a risk for the development of lung cancer that is 25 times higher than a nonsmoker, pipe and cigar smokers have a risk of lung cancer that is about five times that of a nonsmoker.
Tobacco smoke contains over 4,000 chemical compounds, many of which have been shown to be cancer-causing, or carcinogenic. The two primary carcinogens in tobacco smoke are chemicals known as nitrosamines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The risk of developing lung cancer decreases each year following smoking cessation as normal cells grow and replace damaged cells in the lung. In former smokers, the risk of developing lung cancer begins to approach that of a nonsmoker about 15 years after cessation of smoking. For more, please read the Smoking and Quitting Smoking article.
Passive smoking
Passive smoking, or the inhalation of tobacco smoke from other smokers sharing living or working quarters, is also an established risk factor for the development of lung cancer. Research has shown that nonsmokers who reside with a smoker have a 24% increase in risk for developing lung cancer when compared with other nonsmokers. An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year in the U.S. that are attributable to passive smoking.
Asbestos fibers
Asbestos fibers are silicate fibers that can persist for a lifetime in lung tissue following exposure to asbestos. The workplace is a common source of exposure to asbestos fibers, as asbestos was widely used in the past for both thermal and acoustic insulation materials. Today, asbestos use is limited or banned in many countries, including the Unites States. Both lung cancer and mesothelioma (a type of cancer of the pleura or of the lining of the abdominal cavity called the peritoneum) are associated with exposure to asbestos. Cigarette smoking drastically increases the chance of developing an asbestos-related lung cancer in exposed workers. Asbestos workers who do not smoke have a fivefold greater risk of developing lung cancer than nonsmokers, and those asbestos workers who smoke have a risk that is 50 to 90 times greater than nonsmokers.
Radon gas
Radon gas is a natural, chemically inert gas that is a natural decay product of uranium. It decays to form products that emit a type of ionizing radiation. Radon gas is a known cause of lung cancer, with an estimated 12% of lung cancer deaths attributable to radon gas, or 15,000 to 22,000 lung cancer-related deaths annually in the U.S., making radon the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. As with asbestos exposure, concomitant smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer with radon exposure. Radon gas can travel up through soil and enter homes through gaps in the foundation, pipes, drains, or other openings. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates that one out of every 15 homes in the U.S. contains dangerous levels of radon gas. Radon gas is invisible and odorless, but it can be detected with simple test kits.
Familial predisposition
While the majority of lung cancers are associated with tobacco smoking, the fact that not all smokers eventually develop lung cancer suggests that other factors, such as individual genetic susceptibility, may play a role in the causation of lung cancer. Numerous studies have shown that lung cancer is more likely to occur in both smoking and nonsmoking relatives of those who have had lung cancer than in the general population. Recent research has localized a region on the long (q) arm of the human chromosome number 6 that is likely to contain a gene that confers an increased susceptibility to the development of lung cancer in smokers.
Lung diseases
The presence of certain diseases of the lung, notably chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is associated with a slightly increased risk (four to six times the risk of a nonsmoker) for the development of lung cancer even after the effects of concomitant cigarette smoking are excluded.
Prior history of lung cancer
Survivors of lung cancer have a greater risk than the general population of developing a second lung cancer. Survivors of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs, see below) have an additive risk of 1%-2% per year for developing a second lung cancer. In survivors of small cell lung cancers (SCLCs), the risk for development of second cancers approaches 6% per year.
Air pollution
Air pollution from vehicles, industry, and power plants can raise the likelihood of developing lung cancer in exposed individuals. Up to 1% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to breathing polluted air, and experts believe that prolonged exposure to highly polluted air can carry a risk similar to that of passive smoking for the development of lung cancer.
What are the types of lung cancer?
Lung cancers, also known as bronchogenic carcinomas ("carcinoma" is another term for cancer), are broadly classified into two types: small cell lung cancers (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). This classification is based upon the microscopic appearance of the tumor cells themselves. These two types of cancers grow and spread in different ways, so a distinction between these two types is important.
SCLC comprise about 20% of lung cancers and are the most aggressive and rapidly growing of all lung cancers. SCLC are strongly related to cigarette smoking, with only 1% of these tumors occurring in nonsmokers. SCLC metastasize rapidly to many sites within the body and are most often discovered after they have spread extensively. Referring to a specific cell type often seen in SCLC, these cancers are sometimes called oat cell carcinomas.
NSCLC are the most common lung cancers, accounting for about 80% of all lung cancers. NSCLC has three main types that are named based upon the type of cells found in the tumor:
Adenocarcinomas are the most commonly seen type of NSCLC in the U.S. and comprise up to 50% of NSCLC . While adenocarcinomas are associated with smoking like other lung cancers, this type is especially observed as well in nonsmokers who develop lung cancer. Most adenocarcinomas arise in the outer, or peripheral, areas of the lungs. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a subtype of adenocarcinoma that frequently develops at multiple sites in the lungs and spreads along the preexisting alveolar walls.
Squamous cell carcinomas were formerly more common than adenocarcinomas; at present, they account for about 30% of NSCLC. Also known as epidermoid carcinomas, squamous cell cancers arise most frequently in the central chest area in the bronchi.
Large cell carcinomas, sometimes referred to as undifferentiated carcinomas, are the least common type of NSCLC.
Mixtures of different types of NSCLC are also seen.
Other types of cancers can arise in the lung; these types are much less common than NSCLC and SCLC and together comprise only 5%-10% of lung cancers:
Bronchial carcinoids account for up to 5% of lung cancers. These tumors are generally small (3-4 cm or less) when diagnosed and occur most commonly in people under 40 years of age. Unrelated to cigarette smoking, carcinoid tumors can metastasize, and a small proportion of these tumors secrete hormone-like substances. Carcinoids generally grow and spread more slowly than bronchogenic cancers, and many are detected early enough to be amenable to surgical resection.
Cancers of supporting lung tissue such as smooth muscle, blood vessels, or cells involved in the immune response can rarely occur in the lung.
As discussed previously, metastastatic cancers from other primary tumors in the body are often found in the lung. Tumors from anywhere in the body may spread to the lungs either through the bloodstream, through the lymphatic system, or directly from nearby organs. Metastatic tumors are most often multiple, scattered throughout the lung, and concentrated in the peripheral rather than central areas of the organ.
What are the signs and symptoms of lung cancer?
Symptoms of lung cancer are varied dependent upon where and how widespread the tumor is. Warning signs of lung cancer are not always present or easy to identify. A person with lung cancer may have the following kinds of symptoms:
No symptoms: In up to 25% of people who get lung cancer, the cancer is first discovered on a routine chest x-ray or CT scan as a solitary small mass sometimes called a coin lesion. These patients with small single masses often report no symptoms of lung cancer at the time it is discovered.
Symptoms related to the cancer: The growth of the cancer and invasion of lung tissues and surroundings may interfere with breathing, leading to symptoms such as cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, and coughing up blood (hemoptysis). If the cancer has invaded nerves, for example, it may cause shoulder pain that travels down the outside of the arm (called Pancoast's Syndrome) or paralysis of the vocal cords leading to hoarseness. Invasion of the esophagus may lead to difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). If a large airway is obstructed, collapse of a portion of the lung may occur and cause infections (abscesses, pneumonia) in the obstructed area.
Symptoms related to metastasis: Lung cancer that has spread to the bones may produce excruciating pain at the sites of bone involvement. Cancer that has spread to the brain may cause a number of neurologic symptoms that may include blurred vision, headaches, seizures, or symptoms of stroke such as weakness or loss of sensation in parts of the body.
Paraneoplastic symptoms: Lung cancers frequently are accompanied by so-called paraneoplastic syndromes that result from production of hormone-like substances by the tumor cells. Paraneoplastic syndromes occur most commonly with SCLC but may be seen with any tumor type. A common paraneoplastic syndrome associated with SCLC is the production of a hormone called adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) by the cancer cells, leading to oversecretion of the hormone cortisol by the adrenal glands (Cushing's syndrome). The most frequent paraneoplastic syndrome seen with NSCLC is the production of a substance similar to parathyroid hormone, resulting in elevated levels of calcium in the bloodstream.
Nonspecific symptoms: Nonspecific symptoms seen with many cancers including lung cancers include weight loss, weakness, and fatigue. Psychological symptoms such as depression and mood changes are also common.
When should one consult a doctor?
One should consult a health care provider if they develop the symptoms associated with lung cancer, in particular, if they have
a new persistent cough or worsening of an existing chronic cough,
blood in the sputum,
persistent bronchitis or repeated respiratory infections,
chest pain,
unexplained weight loss and/or fatigue, and/or
breathing difficulties such as shortness of breath or wheezing.
How is lung cancer diagnosed?
Doctors use a wide range of diagnostic procedures and tests to diagnose lung cancer. These include:
The history and physical examination may reveal the presence of symptoms or signs that are suspicious for lung cancer. In addition to asking about symptoms and risk factors for cancer development, doctors may detect signs of breathing difficulties, airway obstruction, or infections in the lungs. Cyanosis, a bluish color of the skin and the mucous membranes due to insufficient oxygen in the blood, suggests compromised function of the lung. Likewise, changes in the tissue of the nail beds, known as clubbing, may also indicate lung disease.
The chest x-ray is the most common first diagnostic step when any new symptoms of lung cancer are present. The chest x-ray procedure often involves a view from the back to the front of the chest as well as a view from the side. Like any x-ray procedure, chest x-rays expose the patient briefly to a minimum amount of radiation. Chest x-rays may reveal suspicious areas in the lungs but are unable to determine if these areas are cancerous. In particular, calcified nodules in the lungs or benign tumors called hamartomas may be identified on a chest x-ray and simulate lung cancer.
CT (computerized axial tomography scan, or CAT scan) scans may be performed on the chest, abdomen, and/or brain to examine for both metastatic and primary tumor. A CT scan of the chest may be ordered when x-rays are negative or do not yield sufficient information about the extent or location of a tumor. CT scans are x-ray procedures that combine multiple images with the aid of a computer to generate cross-sectional views of the body. The images are taken by a large donut-shaped x-ray machine at different angles around the body. One advantage of CT scans is that they are more sensitive than standard chest x-rays in the detection of lung nodules. Sometimes intravenous contrast material is given prior to the procedure to help delineate the organs and their positions. A CT scan exposes the patient to a minimal amount of radiation. The most common side effect is an adverse reaction to intravenous contrast material that may have been given prior to the procedure. There may be resulting itching, a rash, or hives that generally disappear rather quickly. Severe anaphylactic reactions (life-threatening allergic reactions with breathing difficulties) to contrast material are rare. CT scans of the abdomen may identify metastatic cancer in the liver or adrenal glands, and CT scans of the head may be ordered to reveal the presence and extent of metastatic cancer in the brain.
A technique called a low-dose helical CT scan (or spiral CT scan) is sometimes used in screening for lung cancers. This procedure requires a special type of CAT scanner and has been shown to be an effective tool for the identification of small lung cancers in smokers and former smokers. However, it has not yet been proven whether the use of this technique actually saves lives or lowers the risk of death from lung cancer. The heightened sensitivity of this method is actually one of the sources of its drawbacks, since lung nodules requiring further evaluation will be seen in approximately 20% of people with this technique. Of the nodules identified by low-dose helical screening CTs, 90% are not cancerous but require up to two years of costly and often uncomfortable follow-up and testing. Trials are underway to further determine the utility of spiral CT scans in screening for lung cancer.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans may be indicated when precise detail about a tumor's location is required. The MRI technique uses magnetism, radio waves, and a computer to produce images of body structures. As with CT scanning, the patient is placed on a moveable bed which is inserted into the MRI scanner. There are no known side effects of MRI scanning, and there is no exposure to radiation. The image and resolution produced by MRI is quite detailed and can detect tiny changes of structures within the body. People with heart pacemakers, metal implants, artificial heart valves, and other surgically implanted structures cannot be scanned with an MRI because of the risk that the magnet may move the metal parts of these structures.
Positron emission tomography (PET) scanning is a specialized imaging technique that uses short-lived radioactive substances to produce three-dimensional colored images of those substances functioning within the body. While CT scans and MRI scans look at anatomical structures, PET scans measure metabolic activity and functioning of tissue. PET scans can determine whether a tumor tissue is actively growing and can aid in determining the type of cells within a particular tumor. In PET scanning, the patient receives a short half-lived radioactive drug and receives approximately the amount of radiation exposure as with two chest x-rays. The drug discharges positrons from wherever they are used in the body. As the positrons encounter electrons within the body, a reaction producing gamma rays occurs. A scanner records these gamma rays and maps the area where the drug is located. For example, combining glucose (a common energy source in the body) with a radioactive substance will show where glucose is being used in a growing tumor.
Bone scans are used to create images of bones on a computer screen or on film. Doctors may order a bone scan to determine whether a lung cancer has metastasized to the bones. In a bone scan, a small amount of radioactive material is injected into the bloodstream and collects in the bones, especially in abnormal areas such as those involved by metastatic tumors. The radioactive material is detected by a scanner, and the image of the bones is recorded on a special film for permanent viewing.
Sputum cytology: The diagnosis of lung cancer always requires confirmation of malignant cells by a pathologist, even when symptoms and x-ray studies are suspicious for lung cancer. The simplest method to establish the diagnosis is the examination of sputum under a microscope. If a tumor is centrally located and has invaded the airways, this procedure, known as a sputum cytology examination, may allow visualization of tumor cells for diagnosis. This is the most risk-free and inexpensive tissue diagnostic procedure, but its value is limited since tumor cells will not always be present in sputum even if a cancer is present. Also, noncancerous cells may occasionally undergo changes in reaction to inflammation or injury that makes them look like cancer cells.
Bronchoscopy: Examination of the airways by bronchoscopy (visualizing the airways through a thin probe inserted in a tube through the nose or mouth) may reveal areas of tumor that can be sampled for pathologic diagnosis. A tumor in the central areas of the lung or arising from the larger airways is accessible to sampling using this technique. Bronchoscopy may be performed using a rigid or a flexible, fiberoptic bronchoscope and can be performed in a same-day outpatient bronchoscopy suite, an operating room, or on a hospital ward. The procedure can be uncomfortable and require sedation or anesthesia. While the procedure is relatively safe, the procedure must be carried out by a lung specialist (pulmonologist or surgeon) experienced in the procedure. When a tumor is visualized and adequately sampled, an accurate cancer diagnosis is generally possible. Some patients may cough up dark-brown blood for one to two days after the procedure. More serious, and rare, complications include a greater amount of bleeding, decreased levels of oxygen in the blood, and heart arrhythmias as well as complications from sedative medications and anesthesia.
Needle biopsy: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) through the skin, most commonly performed with radiological imaging for guidance, may be useful in retrieving cells for diagnosis from tumor nodules in the lungs. Needle biopsies are particularly useful when the lung tumor is peripherally located in the lung and not accessible to sampling by bronchoscopy. A small amount of local anesthetic is given prior to insertion of a thin needle through the chest wall into the abnormal area in the lung. Cells are suctioned into the syringe and are examined under the microscope for tumor cells. This procedure is generally accurate when the tissue from the affected area is adequately sampled, but in some cases, adjacent or uninvolved areas of the lung may be mistakenly sampled. A small risk (3%-5%) of an air leak from the lungs (called a pneumothorax, which can easily be treated) accompanies the procedure.
Thoracentesis: Sometimes lung cancers involve the lining tissue of the lungs (pleura) and lead to an accumulation of fluid in the space between the lungs and chest wall (called a pleural effusion). Aspiration of a sample of this fluid with a thin needle (thoracentesis) may reveal the cancer cells and establish the diagnosis. As with the needle biopsy, a small risk of a pneumothorax is associated with this procedure.
Major surgical procedures: If none of the aforementioned methods yields a diagnosis, surgical methods must be employed to obtain tumor tissue for diagnosis. These can include mediastinoscopy (examining the chest cavity between the lungs through a surgically inserted probe with biopsy of tumor masses or lymph nodes) or thoracotomy (surgical opening of the chest wall with removal of as much tumor as possible). Thoracotomy is rarely able to completely remove a lung cancer, and both mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy carry the risks of major surgical procedures (complications such as bleeding, infection, and risks from anesthesia and medications). These procedures are performed in an operating room, and the patient must be hospitalized.
Blood tests: While routine blood tests alone cannot diagnose lung cancer, they may reveal biochemical or metabolic abnormalities in the body that accompany cancer. For example, elevated levels of calcium or of the enzyme alkaline phosphatase may accompany cancer that is metastatic to the bones. Likewise, elevated levels of certain enzymes normally present within liver cells, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST or SGOT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT or SGPT), signal liver damage, possibly through the presence of metastatic tumor.

Göz Tedavisinde Lazer

Görme duyusu insana verilmiş belkide en önemli duyu.İşte bu duyu bazen genetik bazen çevresel etkenlerden etkilenerek işlevinde sorunlar çıkarır.Bu sorunlar başlıca miyop,astigmat ve hipermetroptur.Tedavileri uzun dönemde gözlük veya lens takarak sağlanan bu hastalıklar günümüzde 10 dakikalık cerrahi bir müdahale ile tedavi edilebilmekte.Şimdi sizlere bu tedavi yönteminde en çok tercih edilen ve en başarı yöntem olan excimer lazer tedavisinde kullanılan cihazdan bahsedelim.Cihazın ismi Visx Star.Dünyamızda VISX STAR Excimer Laser cihazının güvenilirliği, yüksek teknolojisi ve performansı çok iyi bilinmektedir. Öyleki Visx yıllar önce Amerika Birleşik Devletleri`nde ilk kullanılabilir cihaz unvanını almış(FDA onayı) ve teknolojisini sürekli geliştirerek yıllar boyu excimer laser cerrahisinde büyük yeniliklere imza atmıştır. Ve yine geliştirdiği yüksek teknolojiler ilk Amerika`da kabul görmüş ve dünyamızda uygulanır olmuştur. VISX`in geliştirdiği en son modeli STAR *S4 İR ise Visx`in şöhretini çok daha yüksek seviyelere çıkarmıştır. Bu yeni model excimer laser sistemi günümüzde var olan en yüksek laser teknolojisi olarak yerini almıştır. Excimer Laser işlemi için gerekli olan tüm bilgiler işlem öncesinde yine VİSX`in en son geliştirdiği JVaveScan WaveFront cihazı ile gözden tüm detayları ile alınır, STAR S4 İR detaylandınlmış bu bilgileri yüksek hassasiyetle değerlendirir ve şaşmaz bir şekilde göze uygular. STAR S4 İR excimer laser cihazının WaveScan WaveFront analizatörünce alınan çok aynntılı bilgileri aynı hassasiyetle göze işleyebilmesini sağlayan ve hemen hemen hiçbir excimer laser cihazında olmayan temel özelliklerini kısaca sıralarsak
1. Değişken Laser Işın Çapı ( VSS : Variable Spot Scanning );
STAR S4 İR Laser ışın çaplannı tedavinin gereğine göre 650 mikron ile 6,5mm arasında değiştirebilme yeteneğine sahiptir. Bu özellik sayesinde kornea üzerinde çok daha düzgün bir yüzey oluşturulabilmekte ve tedavi süresi çok daha kısaltılabilmektedir.Bu özelliğin, en önemli faydası doku koruyucu niteliği ön plana taşımasıdır ki, bu refraktif cerrahideki en önemli ihtiyaçlardan birisidir. Yani STAR S4 İR ile çok daha az doku ablasyonu ( doku buharlaştırması ) yapılarak mükemmel sonuca ulaşılabilmektedir. Sonuçta Kornea incelme miktan çok daha az olmaktadır. Örneklemek gerekise -4.00 derece astigmat tedavisi için buharlaştırdığı kornea dokusu miktan diğer laserlere göre neredeyse yan yanya az olmaktadır. Doğal olarak bu yetenek işlemin güvenilirliğini olabildiğince yüksek düzeylere çıkarmaktır.
2. Değişken Laser Işın Atış Hızı ( VRR : Variable Repetition Rate ) :
Değişken laser ışın hızı sayesinde operasyon süresi en uygun düzeylere indirilebilmektedir.
3. Aktif Göz Takip Sistemi ( Active Trak 3-D Active Eye Tracking ):
Gözün 3 boyutlu tüm hareketlerini takip eder. Bu sistem sayesinde gözün X-Y düzlemi üzerindeki hareketleri yanında, Z düzlemi üzerindeki aşağı yukarı hareketleri de takip altındadır. Göz takip hızı laser atış hızıyla o kadar uyumludur ki en küçük göz hareketlerinde bile laser kafası gözü takip ederek ışını istenilen noktaya odaklayabilmektedir. Bu hız ayarlaması çoğu excimer laser cihazında gerekli hassasiyette olmadığı için ani göz hareketlerinde istenmeyen alanlara laser ışınlarının düşmesi kaçınılmazdır.
4. Aktif Takip ve Otomatik Merkezleme ( Active Trak Automatic Centering ) :
Laser ışın yönlendiricisi otomatik olarak pupilla ( göz bebeği ) üzerine kilitlenir. Böylece tüm ışınlar merkez çevresinde olması gerektiği şekilde kusursuzca yönlendirilir.
5. İris Tanıma Programı ( İR : iris Registration ) :
Bu özellik dünyada hiçbir excimer laser cihazında olmayan ve mükemmelliği beraberinde taşıyan bir teknoloji harikasıdır. İstenilen WaveFront tedavisini gerçekleştirebilmek için ; hastaya veya, göze kesinlikle dokunmaksızın uygulanabilen, tamamen otomatize olan ve Amerika`da hemen kabul görmüş, FDA onaylı ilk ve tek tanıma yöntemidir. Bu üstün özellik sayesinde gözün sağ-sol ve aşağı-yukan hareketleri yanında rotasyon olarak adlandırdığımız kendi etrafındaki dönüş hareketleride takip edilebilmektedir.Şöyle ki; Normalde sırt üstü yattığımız zaman gözlerimiz dik durduğumuz pozisyona göre yaklaşık 5-15 derece kendi eksenleri etrafında dönerler. Bunun önemi şudur.Göze ait bütün standart ölçümler ve yüksek teknoloji WaveFront haritaları bizler dik duruş pozisyonunda iken alınır.Buna karşın Excimer Laser sırt üstü yatış pozisyonunda uygulanmaktadır. Yani sırt üstü yatış pozisyonunda gözlerimiz 15 derece dönüş göstermiş ise tüm laser ışınlan istenilenden 15 derece farkla plan dışı alanlara uygulanacaktır. Bu da özellikle astigmat ve WaveFront tedavisinde istenmeyen sonuçlar doğuracaktır. Bu hatayı önlemek için diğer laser cihazlarında cerrahlar hasta kafasını kendi ekseni etrafında çevirerek gözlerdeki bu dönüşleri kompanse etmeye çalışırlar. Ancak tabii ki insan bağımlı olan her işte olduğu gibi burada da yanılsama olasılığı yüksek olacaktır. İşte iris Registration veya İris takip sistemi diyebileceğimiz özelliği ile STAR S4 İR bu problemi tamamen çözmüş ve böylece işlemin güvenliğini en üst düzeye çıkarmıştır.STAR S4 İR sisteminde Wave Scan cihazınca dik pozisyonda alınan kırma kusurları dereceleri ve göze ait haritalar yanında İrisin ( gözün renkli görünen kısmı) 56 noktasından fotoğraflar alınır ve kaydedilir. Bu ölçüm ve fotoğrafların hepsi dijital ortamda STAR S4 İR sistemine aktarılır. Laser işlemi için STAR S4 İR Excimer Laser cihazı yatağına sırt üstü yatıldığı zaman, cihaz iristen görüntüleri almaya başlar ve bu görüntüleri wavescan wavefront cihazı ile dik pozisyonda alınmış iris fotoğrafları ile eşleştirir. Ve eğer sırt üstü yatıldığında gözde kendi etrafında dönme olmuşsa STAR S4 İR nin laser kafası aynı yönde döner ve görüntüleri birebir eşleştirir. Tüm bu işlemler birkaç saniye gibi kısa bir süre içerisinde gerçekleştirilmektedir. STAR S4 İR bu eşleştirme işlemini tüm laser uygulaması sırasındada devam ettirir. Yani gözdeki veya kafamızdaki dönme hareketleri sırasında laser kafasıda aynı miktar döndüğü için hedeften sapma asla söz konusu olmayacaktır. Bu özellik WaveFront tedavilerinin vazgeçilmez komponenti olarak yerini almıştır.

Kanser mi yiyoruz?

Önemli bir devlet yetkilisinin söylediği 'Ne yapsak önleyemiyoruz. Tarım ilaçları resmen kanserojen yayıyor' yönündeki itiraf gibi sözleri bomba gibi düştü.

Gerçekten de öyle…domates biber gibi basit görünen bu konu aslında, küçücük çocuklara sebze ve meyvalar aracılığı ile kanserojen maddelerin yedirildiği acı bir gerçek ve MGK dosyalarından da öte bir devlet sorunu.
Peki, Tarım Bakanlığı bu konuda ne yapıyor? Yurtdışına ihraç edilen ürünler güvenli çiftçi projesi adı altında kontrol edilirken içeride bir başıboşluk mu var?
Tarım Bakanlığı'nda bu kontrolün olup olmadığını bu işten birinci derecede sorumlu olan Koruma Kontrol Birimi Genel Müdür Yardımcısı Dr. Ahmet Aslan'a sorduk.
Durumun ciddiyetinin farkında olduklarını belirten Aslan, konu ile ilgili, çiftçilerin kullanacakları tarım ilaçları ile kimyasalları kayıt ve kontrol altına alacakları bir yönetmeliğin hazırlandığını ve başbakanlığın onayının ardından resmen devreye gireceğini söyledi.
Vatandaşın sağlığı adına ne yiyeceğini bilmesinin hakkı olduğunu belirten ve bu nedenle bugüne dek yurt çapında 16 bin analiz yaptıklarını belirten Ahmet Aslan şunları söyledi:
'Yeni yönetmelik sayesinde, çiftçiler tüm kullandıkları tarım kimyasallarını il ve ilçe teşkilatlarına bildirecek. Böylece, çiftçilerin kullanacakları tüm kimyasalları kontrol altına alacağız. Ancak, çiftçileri sadece verdikleri liste ve vicdanları ile de baş başa bırakmayacağız. Sürekli tarlada ve ürünleri üzerinde yerel teşkilatlarımızla çapraz kontrollerle bu beyanların doğruluklarını ve kanserojen madde içerip içermediğini test edeceğiz. Bunlara uymayanlara da ağır cezai yaptırımlar uygulayacağız.'
Durum böyle..Bu sözler eğer gerçekten bu kontroller hakkı verilerek yapılırsa gelecek için umut veriyor.
Ancak ortada bir gerçek var, o da, halen piyasada olan ve bugüne dek yediğimiz bir çok meyva ve sebzenin durumunun şüpheli olduğu.
Neyin ne olduğunu anlamak da zor…O zaman, geriye tek bir şey kalıyor…Ne yediğimiz konusunda olabildiğince seçici olmak.
Belki Tarım Bakanlığı vatandaşın içini rahatlatmak adına, bu konuda piyasada satılan meyva ve sebzeleri de kontrol edip, kaynaklarını ve temizliğini araştırabilir.
Ya da satış noktaları ile dev marketler incelemelere dayalı temiz analiz sonuçlarını astıkları panolarla vatandaşa ispat edebilir.

FOOD POISONING

Introduction:
Food poisoning is an acute gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of a food material or a drink which contains the pathogenic micro organism or their toxins or poisonous chemicals.Food poisoning is common in hostels,hotels,communal feedings, and festivel seasons.
A group of persons will be affected with same type of symptoms ,and they give a history of consumption of a common food before few hours.
Types of food poisoning
1) Bacterial food poisoning:
Here the micro organisms called bacteria are responsible.The food material may contain the pathogenic bacteriae or their toxin and will be ingested along with the food.
2) Non bacterial food poisoning:
Due to the presence of toxic chemicals like fertilizers,insectisides,heavy metals and ect.
Since bacterial food poisoning is common it is discussed here.
Bacterial food poisoning:
All bacteria are not harmful.There are some pathogenic bacteria which secrete toxins and cause clinical manifestations.These organisms enter the human body through food articles or drinks.
How food poisoning occures:
1) Presence of bacteria in the water.
2) The raw materials for the food may contain toxins.
3) Premises where the food is prepared may contain micro organisms or toxins.
4) Food handlers may have some infectious diseases.
5) Some animals like dogs,rats may contaminate the food.
6) If prepared food is kept in the room temperature for a long time and heated again can make a chance for food poisoning. 7) Purposely some body mixing toxins in the food.
Some common bacterial food poisonings.
1) Salmonella food poisoning:
There are three different varieties of salmonella bacteria.(salmonella typhimurium,salmonella cholera suis,salmonella enteritidis) These bacteria are present in milk, milk products and eggs. Symptoms of this food poisoning include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Fever is also common.
2) Botulism:
This is the dangerous type of food poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum. The spores of these organisms are seen in the soil and enters the human body through pickles and canned fish ect.Compared to other food poisonings here vomiting and diarrhoea are rare Mainly the nervous system is affected.The symptoms starts with double vision,numbness with weakness.Later there will be paralysis with cardiac and respiratory failure ending in death.
3) Staphylococcal food poisoning:
It is caused by staphylo coccus aureus. These organisms usually cause skin troubles like boils and eruptions.It causes mastitis in cow.Through the milk and milk products it enders and causes gastroenteritis.There will be vomiting,abdominal cramps with diarrhoea.
4) Closteridium food poisoning:
This is caused by closteridium perfringens.They are present in stool,soil and water. They enter the body through,meat,meat dishes and egg ect.If food articles are cooked and kept in room temperature for a long time and heated again before eating can result this food poisoning.Symptoms include vomiting ,diarrhoea and abdominal cramps.
5) Bacillus cereus:
The spores of these organisms can survive cooking and causes enteritis. Diarrhoea and vomiting is common in this infection.
How to investigate food poisoning?
1) Examine each and every person affected.
2) Water sample should be tested.
3) Kitchen, store room and food samples should be examined.
4) The cook and food handlers should be questioned and examined.
5) Samples of vomitus and stool of all victims should be tested to identify the bacteria.
How to prevent food poisoning:-
1) Only purified water should be used.
2) Hygiene should be maintained by all persons keeping contact with food.
3) Workers should use masks, cap and gloves during cooking and serving.
4) Sick individuals should not come in contact with food materials.
5) Kitchen and premises should be neat and clean.
5) Vessels should be washed with soap and hot water.
6) Should not keep the prepared food for a long time in room temperature.
7) All food materials should be kept in closed containers.
8) Animals like dog, cat, rat ect should not come in contact with food materials.
9) Vegetables should be washed before cooking.
10) Meat should be fresh and should be purchased from recognised slaughter house.

Sadece su içip oruç tutulur mu?

Bakanlık, yeterli ve dengeli beslenmenin ramazan ayında da sürdürülebilmesi amacıyla, günün oruç tutulmayan bölümünde en az üç öğünü tamamlamak ve sahur öğününü atlamamak gerektiğine işaret etti. Bakanlık, sahuru atlamanın yaklaşık 12 saat olan açlığı, ortalama 18 saate çıkardığını belirterek, bu durumun günün daha verimsiz geçmesine neden olacağını bildirdi.Sağlık Bakanlığı, ramazan öncesinde oruç tutacaklar için altın uyarılarda bulundu. Bakanlık, ramazan ayında yapılan en önemli beslenme değişiklikleri arasında oruç tutan kişilerin günlük beslenme şekli ve öğün sayısını değiştirerek üç ana öğün olan günlük beslenme düzeninin iki öğüne indirilmesi ve özellikle hamur işleri, tatlılar, kırmızı et, ekmek, pilav ve makarna tüketiminin arttığını bildirdi. Oruç tutarken sağlıklı ve çeşitli besin seçenekleri ile yeterli ve dengeli beslenmenin sağlanmasının esas olması gerekliliğine işaret eden Sağlık Bakanlığı, yeterli ve dengeli beslenmenin ramazan ayında da sürdürülebilmesi için günün oruç tutulmayan bölümünde en az üç öğünü tamamlamak ve sahur öğününü atlamamak gerektiğini bildirdi.SAHURDA SADECE SU İÇEREK NİYETLENMEK VE GECE YATMADAN ÖNCE YEMEK YEMEK ZARARLISağlık Bakanlığı, yapılan yanlışlardan birinin ise, sahurda sadece su içerek niyetlenmek veya gece yatmadan önce yemek yemek olduğunu kaydetti. Bakanlık oldukça zararlı olan bu tip beslenme tarzının yaklaşık 12 saat olan açlığı, ortalama 18 saate çıkardığını, bunun da açlık kan şekerinin daha erken saatlerde düşmesine ve buna bağlı olarak günün daha verimsiz geçmesine neden olduğunun unutulmamsı gerektiğine dikkati çekti. Sahur yemeğinin ağır yemeklerden oluşmaması gerektiğine de işaret eden Sağlık Bakanlığı’nın uyarısında, “Gece metabolizma hızı düştüğü için yemeklerin yağa dönüşme hızı ve kilo alma riski artmaktadır. Bu nedenle sahura mutlaka kalkılmalı ve bu öğünde süt, yoğurt, peynir gibi besinlerden oluşan bir kahvaltı yapılmalı ya da çorba, sebze ve kurubaklagil yemeklerinden oluşan bir öğün tercih edilmelidir” denildi.İFTAR SOFRALARINDA İHTİYACIN 2-3 KAT FAZLASI BULUNUYORİftar sofralarındaki çeşitlilik ve bolluğun da zararlı olabileceğini bildiren Sağlık Bakanlığı, iftar sofralarında bir insana yetecek yemeğin 2-3 kat fazlası bulunabildiğini ve iftarda yapılan en büyük hatalardan birisinin de çok hızlı bir şekilde, çok yüksek miktarda besin tüketmek olduğunu ifade etti. Beynin doyma emrini yemekten 15-20 dakika sonra verdiğini belirten Bakanlık, bu durumun ilerleyen günlerde kilo alımına da zemin hazırladığı yönünde uyarıda bulundu.RAMAZAN AYINDA REFLÜYE DİKKATSağlık Bakanlığı, Ramazan ayında karılaşılan sağlık sorunlarına ilişkin de bilgi verdi. Bakanlık bu ayda en sık karşılaşılan sorunlardan birinin mide içinde bulunan yemek ve asitin yemek borusu içine doğru geri kaçması olarak tanımlanan reflü olduğunu bildirdi. Tüm bu rahatsızlıkların ortaya çıkmaması için sağlıklı beslenme önerileri çerçevesinde hareket edilmesi gerektiğine vurgu yapan Sağlık Bakanlığı, oruç tutmanın sağlıklı insanların metabolik dengesinde çok önemli değişiklikler yapmadığı, ancak şeker hastalığı ve karaciğer yetmezliği gibi bazı hastalıklarda veya hamilelik gibi özel durumlarda olumsuz sonuçlar doğurabileceğinin de göz ardı edilmemesi gerektiğinin altını çizdi. Bakanlık, kronik hastalığı olan kişilerin ise, mutlaka ilgili uzman hekime danışarak oruç tutmaları gerektiğini kaydetti.BAKANLIK'TAN ORUÇ TUTACAKLARA ALTIN ÖĞÜTLERSağlık Bakanlığı, oruç tutanlar için sağlıklı beslenme önerilerini ise şöyle sıraladı:-Ramazan ayı süresince yeterli ve dengeli beslenmeye özen gösterilmelidir.-Ramazan ayında öğünler; sahur ve iftarda iki ana öğün ile, iftardan sonra 1-1.5 saat aralıklarla iki ara öğün şeklinde düzenlenmelidir.-Oruç tutanların mutlaka sahur yapmaları sağlığın korunması açısından önemlidir. Sahur yemeğinde süt, yoğurt, peynir gibi besinlerden oluşan hafif bir kahvaltı yapılmalı ya da çorba, sebze ve zeytinyağlı yemeklerden oluşan bir öğün tercih edilmelidir. Ancak gün içerisinde aşırı acıkma problemi olanların midenin boşalma süresini uzatarak acıkmayı geciktiren kuru fasulye, nohut, mercimek, bulgur pilavı gibi yemekleri tüketmesi; aşırı yağlı, tuzlu ve ağır yemekler ile unlu gıdalardan uzak durulması uygundur.-İftara peynir, domates, zeytin gibi kahvaltılıklar veya çorba gibi hafif yemeklerle başlanılması, 10-15 dakika sonra az yağlı et yemeği, sebze yemeği veya salatayla devam edilmesi uygundur. Yine enerji veren ancak kan şekerini dengeli bir biçimde yükselten besinler (beyaz ekmek, pirinç pilavı gibi glisemik indeksi yüksek olan gıdalar yerine bulgur pilavı, kepekli ekmek veya kepekli makarna gibi posalı besinler) tercih edilmelidir.-Günde ortalama 2- 2,5 litre su içmeye, bununla birlikte enerji verirken sıvı ihtiyacını da karşılayacak ayran, taze sıkılmış meyve suları, soda, sebze suları içmeye özen gösterilmelidir.-İftarda aşırı şerbetli, yağlı tatlılar yerine; sütlü tatlılar (sütlaç, güllaç, muhallebi vb.) veya meyve tatlıları tercih edilmelidir.-Yemekleri hızlı yemekten kaçınmalı, yavaş yavaş ve iyice çiğneyerek yenilmelidir.-Tek seferde büyük porsiyonlar yerine, iftardan sonra birer saat ara ile her seferinde azar azar küçük porsiyonlar şeklinde beslenilmelidir.-İftar yemeğinden hemen sonra televizyon veya bilgisayar karşısına geçmek, koltukta dinlenmek yerine biraz hareket etmek, kısa mesafeli yürüyüşler yapmak sindirime yardımcı olması açısından yararlı olmaktadır.-Ramazan ayında yemeklerin pişirme yöntemleri de çok önemlidir. Özellikle ızgara, haşlama ve fırında yapılan yemekler tercih edilmeli, kavrulmuş, tütsülenmiş ve kızartılmış besinlerden uzak durulmalıdır.-Beslenme düzenindeki değişikliklere bağlı olarak oluşabilecek kabızlığı önlemek için, yemeklerde lif oranı yüksek gıdalar (kurubaklagiller, kepekli tahıllar, sebzeler) ve ara öğünlerde de taze ve kuru meyveler, ceviz, fındık, badem gibi kuru yemişler tercih edilmelidir.

Machine 'sniffs out skin cancer

A common form of skin cancer could be diagnosed by the distinctive chemical "scent" it gives off, say US experts.

Philadelphia's Monell Center sampled the air directly above basal cell carcinomas and found it was different to similar samples from healthy skin. They told a conference it offered the chance of cheap and painless testing. Other scientists are trying to spot the "smell" of cancer, with a UK team using dogs to sniff out bladder tumours from urine samples. All human skin releases chemicals called "volatile organic compounds", many of which do have a scent.
The researchers from the Monell Center used a technology called gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to identify their precise chemical composition. A total of 22 patients, 11 with and 11 without basal cell carcinomas, were tested. All the air samples contained the same ingredients, but the equipment revealed that the patients with cancer had markedly different concentrations of certain chemicals. Dr Michelle Gallagher, presenting the results of the project at the American Chemical Society's annual conference, said that a "profile" of the cancer could be built up.
"Our findings may someday allow doctors to screen for and diagnose skin cancers at very early stages," she said. She now plans to try to construct profiles of other types of skin cancer, including the much more dangerous malignant melanoma

Tag for aggressive bowel cancer

UK scientists say they have found a marker for aggressive bowel cancers needing the most treatment.

Patients most likely to develop a more virulent strain of the disease could be pinpointed by a test which looks for a marker protein called Lamin A.
These patients should be given chemotherapy in addition to standard surgery to improve survival, the Durham University/NESCI scientists say.
Their work is published in the scientific journal PLoS ONE.
The team now aims to develop a Lamin A-based detection test for use in the health service.
Bowel cancer is the third most common cancer in the UK. Each year more than 36,000 people are diagnosed with the disease.
Almost three quarters of cases occur in people aged 65 and over. Chemotherapy is rarely used in their treatment as it could cause more harm than benefit in patients who are elderly and frail.
However, for the most aggressive cancers, chemotherapy can be a big help.
The scientists studied tissue samples from 700 bowel cancer patients and tracked their progress.
The patients who had the stem cell marker protein Lamin A present in their tissue were more likely to have an aggressive form of the disease.
The findings suggests that around one third of these patients will express the Lamin A stem cell marker and should be considered for chemotherapy.
Study co-author Professor Chris Hutchison, of Durham University and North East England Stem Cell Institute, said: "Currently the hospitals use a standard test to work out how far the cancer has progressed and then they use this to determine the treatment the patient should receive

Evinizdeki bitkiler sizi zehirliyor

Kimya mühendisi Mennan Aysan Kuzanlı'nın hazırladığı "Nasıl Zehirleniyoruz, Nasıl Korunuruz" adlı kitapta, deodoranttan makyaj malzemesine, bebek bezinden bilgisayara kadar günlük yaşamda kullanılan birçok ürünün içerdiği bazı kimyasal maddelerin sağlığı tehdit edebileceği belirtiliyor. Dharma Yayınlarından okurla buluşan kitaba göre, dünya genelinde yılda insan yapımı 85 bin değişik cins sentetik madde üretiliyor ve her yıl 1000 adetin üstünde yeni sentetik madde buna ilave ediliyor.

HAMİLELER İÇİN RİSK

Kitapta, kimyasal ürünlerin yiyecek ve içeceklerin yanında depolanmaması, kullanılmadan önce etiketinin mutlaka ayrıntılı biçimde okunması, hamilelerin toksik maddelerle mümkünse temas etmemesi ve ürünlerin kendi ambalajlarında saklanması uyarılarında bulunuluyor. Kitapta ayrıca, kimyasal içerikli maddeler yerine hemen her evde bulunabilecek sirke, limon suyu, soda, çamaşır sodası, sıvı sabun gibi malzemelerin kullanılması da öneriliyor.

MOBİLYA CİLASI SİVİLCE YAPIYOR

Kitaba göre, günlük hayatta kullanılan ürünler ve içerdikleri kimyasal maddeler de şöyle:

Fırın temizleme maddeleri: Kimi malzemeler, kostik ve amonyak içerdiğinden, özellikle sprey şeklinde olanların havada zerrecikler oluşturduğu için cilde, göz ve akciğerlere zarar verebiliyor.

Mobilya ve yer cilaları: Bu ürünlerin bazılarının içeriğinde bulunan ve kanserojen bir madde olan fenol, ciltle temas ettiğinde de soyulma, kabarıklık, yanma ve sivilceler oluşmasına yol açıyor.

Eviye ve tuvalet açıcıları: "Kostik" isimli madde, astım hastalarında astım krizlerini tetikleyebiliyor.

Bulaşık yıkama sıvıları: Renklendirilmiş olanlar kurşun veya kanserojen etki yaratabilecek maddeler içerebildiğinden, bunların renksiz olanlarının seçilmesi tavsiye ediliyor.

Bulaşık makinesi deterjanı: Su ile temas ettiğinde aktive olarak toksik klor gazı çıkarabileceğinden bu gazların mutfakta yoğunlaşması halinde baş ağrısı, yorgunluk ve göz yanması oluşuyor.

BİLGİSAYAR AĞRI NEDENİ

Bilgisayarlar: Bilgisayar önünde uzun süre oturanlarda gözlerde tahriş, çift görüş, asabiyet, baş, boyun ve bel ağrıları sorunları ortaya çıkabiliyor.

Diğer taraftan, yüksek voltaj nedeniyle oluşan statik elektriğin ortamda pozitif yüklü iyonların yoğunlaşmasına sebep olduğu ve bunun sonucunda da yorgunluk, asabiyet, baş ağrısı ve çeşitli göz sorunlarına yol açabiliyor.

Ev bitkileri: Özellikle çocuklu evlerde kimi bitkilerin odaya konulmasına dikkat etmek gerekiyor. Açelya, çiğdem, ortanca, ökseotu, çan çiçeği, zakkum gibi bitkiler yenildiğinde zehirlenme yapabiliyor. Ayrıca, ontoryum ve yonca gibi bitkiler de cilt, ağız ve deride tahrişe neden olabilirken, nergis zambağı, düğün çiçeği, siklamen, karanfil, sardunya, nergis, papatya, benjamin, lale soğanı, iris gibi bitkiler de ciltle temas halinde kaşıntı, yenildiğinde kusma ve mide krampına sebebiyet verebiliyor.

Deodorant deriyi tahriş edebiliyor

Şampuanlar: Sentetik deterjan nedeniyle saç derisinde doğal yağ kaybı ve göz yanması olabiliyor. Ayrıca, duş sırasında suyun fazla sıcak olması da saç derisinin emme niteliğini artırarak kimyasalların daha fazla absorbe olmasına sebep oluyor.

Deodorant ve ter önleyiciler: Deodorant ve ter önleyicilerin içindeki kimi maddeler, koltuk altı keseciklerinde iltihap ve deri tahrişine neden oluyor.

Talk pudrası: Bu malzemelerin kanserojen nitelikteki "asbest lifleri" içermemesine ve alınırken bu hususa dikkat edilmesi gerekiyor.

Allık: "BHA ve formaldeheti, DC Red33, FDC Yellow 5 ile FDC Yellow 6" boya maddeleri içerenler kanserojen olabiliyor.

Göz farı: Kanserojen "BHA, TEA" içerenler ile tahriş edici "trienthanolamin ve quaternium 15" içeren ürünlerden sakınılması tavsiye ediliyor.

Dudak kalemine dikkat

Dudak boyası ve kalemi: Dudak boyalarında bulunabilecek hint yağı, propyl gallate, glycerol diisostearat, ricinoleic ait, diisostearyl malate, yellow 11, pigment boyar maddalerin cilt tahrişine yol açabileceği, eosin boyaları, esanslar ve lanolinin de dudaklarda kurumaya neden olabileceği uyarısında bulunuluyor.

Bebek bezleri: Ağartılmış beyaz kağıt içeren bazı tek kullanımlık bezlerin 'dioksin' içerikli olanları, bebeğin bağışıklık sisteminde ve karaciğerinde hasara neden olabiliyor.

Bozuk gıda anlamanın püf noktası

Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Besin Hijyeni ve Teknolojisi Anabilim Dalı Öğretim Üyesi Prof. Dr. Mustafa Tayar, AA muhabirine yaptığı açıklamada, bozulmuş ya da mikrop bulaşan gıdaların zehirlenmelere, hatta ciddi sağlık sorunlarına yol açabileceğini söyledi.

Tarımsal Kalkınma Vakfı ve Konya Büyükşehir Belediyesince yürütülen 57 bin 630 avro bütçeli AB destekli Gıda Tüketicisini Koruma ve Bilinçlendirme Projesine bilimsel destek verdiklerini hatırlatan Prof. Dr. Tayar, gıdalarda bozulma şekilleri bilinirse güvenli gıda tüketiminin sağlanabileceğini ifade etti.

Bazı gıdalardaki bozulmanın dış görünüşü ve tadıyla anlaşılabileceğini kaydeden Tayar, şunları söyledi:

''Bozulmuş balık kötü koku, küflü tat, koku ve renk değişikliği ile tespit edilebilir. Turşu gibi fermente gıdalardaki acı tat, renkte kararmalar ve kötü koku, çiğ sütteki ahır kokusu, balık, sabun, acı, ekşi, yanık ve malt tatları, mavi-sarı, kırmızı renk oluşumu, sünme ve köpürme bozulma olduğunu gösterir. Bozulmuş ekmekte sünme ve küflenme, etlerde dış yüzeyinde yapışkanlık, renginde bozulmalar, ekşime ve kokuşma görülür. Kabuklu deniz hayvanlarında bozulma kötü koku ve ekşime, konserve gıdalarda kapakların şişmesi, ekşi ve acı tatlar, asidik ve kötü kokular, renkte kararmalarla anlaşılabilir.''

Meyvelerdeki bozulmanın çeşitli renkte çürümelerden rahatlıkla tespit edilebileceğini ifade eden Tayar, peynirde acı tat, gaz oluşumu nedeniyle delikli yapı, çeşitli renk oluşumlarının ürünün bozulmuş olduğunu gösterdiğini bildirdi.

Reçel ve marmelattaki ekşime ve köpürme, sucukta yapışkan tabaka oluşumu, kokuşma, ekşime ve yeşil renk oluşumunun bozulmayı işaret edeceğini belirten Tayar, ''Taze sebzedeki yapışkanlık, çürümeler ve ekşime, tereyağındaki acılaşma, ekşime, çeşitli tat bozuklukları, kötü koku, siyahlaşma, mavi-siyah lekeler, pembe-kırmızı, mavi ve yeşil renkler bozulma olduğunu gösterir'' dedi.

Prof. Dr. Tayar, yoğurtta görülen ekşime ve köpürmenin bozulmayı göstereceğini vurgulayarak, yumurtadaki bozulmanın akının yeşilimsi olması, sarısında siyah çürüklük, kırmızımsı, pembe renkli çürümeler, küflü ve kötü kokuyla anlaşılabileceğini bildirdi.

Göbekteki yağın düşmanı yoğurt!

Amerika'da yapılan bir araştırmaya göre; diyet listesinden yoğurdu eksik bırakmayanlar, yoğurt yemeyenlere göre daha fazla yağ yakıyor.

Tennessee Üniversitesi'ndeki araştırmaya katılanlardan Dr. Michael Zemel, yoğurt yiyenlerin ortalama kilo verme seviyesinden daha fazla kilo kaybettiklerini ve kaslarını diğerlerine oranla daha fazla koruduklarını belirtti.

Dr. Zemel, "Kilo verirken kasların erimesini engellemek için ilk sırayı yoğurt almalı" dedi.

Her Sabah Bir Kaşık Alın, Hızla Kilo Verin

AZ TÜKETİLİYOR AMA BİRÇOK FAYDASI VAR

Tere tohumu ülkemizde yetişen, pahalı olmayan, doğal bir bitki. Az bilinen ve az tüketilen terenin sağlık üzerinde son derece faydalı etkileri var. Sabahları aç karnına bir çay kaşığı tere tohumu ve bir tatlı kaşığı bal karışımını yer ve üzerine bir bardak sıcak su içerseniz hızla kilo verdiğinizi görürsünüz. Tere tohumunun metabolizma hızlandırıcı etkisi, bunu sağlıyor. Tadı acı olduğundan, bal miktarını fazla tutabilirsiniz. Tere aynı zamanda kuvvet verici, vitamin noksanlıklarına karşı ve iştah açıcı olarak da kullanılıyor.

Hastalıklara karşı direnci arttırıp, sigaranın zararlarını da azaltıyor. Tere tohumu suyu, saç dökülmesi ve kepeklenmeyi de önlüyor. Tere otunun yenmesi, balgam söktürüyor. Bir çay kaşığı tere otunun, bir bardak soğuk suyla tüketilmesi halinde vitiligo'ya da iyi geldiğini belirtiyor uzmanlar. Aktif mide ülseri, kanaması ve mide rahatsızlığı olanlara tere tohumunun buruk acı tadı daha da rahatsız edici gelebilir. Eğer böyle bir rahatsızlığınız varsa tere tohumunun dikkatli kullanılması öneriliyor.

Göz problemleri

Memorial Tıp Merkezi Göz Hastalıkları Uzmanı Opt. Dr. Olcay Şahin, her çocuğun başarılı bir okul dönemi geçirmesi için dikkat edilmesi gerekenlerin başında, kapsamlı bir göz muayenesinin geldiğini söyledi.

İSTANBUL - Memorial Tıp Merkezi Göz Hastalıkları Uzmanı Opt. Dr. Olcay Şahin, görmeyi engelleyecek ya da azaltacak kırma kusuru, şaşılık, katarakt gibi herhangi bir durumun, görme yolları oluşumunu engellediğini, o gözün görmeyi öğrenemediğini ve göz tembelliğinin geliştiğini belirtti.

Bu nedenle tüm çocukların 4 yaşına gelmeden önce herhangi bir sorun olmasa bile mutlaka bir göz doktorunca muayene edilmesi gerektiğini vurgulayan Şahin, okul çağına gelmiş çocukların okula başlamadan önce muayene edilmesinin, daha fazla geç kalmadan göz problemini tespit edebilmek ve okulda göz problemlerine bağlı öğrenme güçlüğünü önleyebilmek açısından çok önemli olduğunu kaydetti.

Şahin, şu bilgileri verdi:
“Her çocuğun başarılı bir okul dönemi geçirmesi için dikkat edilmesi gerekenlerin başında, kapsamlı bir göz muayenesi geliyor. Çocuklarda görmeyi etkileyecek sık görülen bozukluklar, hipermetropi, miyopi ve astigmatizma gibi kırma kusurları ve şaşılıktır. Çocukluk çağında yüksek numarası olan göz, bulanık görür ve net görmeyi öğrenemez. Çocuklarda sık görülen diğer hastalıklar, göz yaşı kanal tıkanıklığı, konjunktiva ve kapaktaki enfeksiyonlardır. Doğumsal katarakt ve doğumsal glokom, daha nadir görülen ama çok erken müdahale edilmesi gereken durumlardır.”

PROSTATE CANCER

Introduction:-

Prostate is a glandular organ present only in males. It surrounds the neck of bladder & the first part of urethra and condributes a secretion to the semen. The gland is conical in shape and measures 3 cm in vertical diameter and 4 cm in transverse diameter.It has got five lobes anterior,posterior,two lateral and a median lobe.Since the first part of the urethra pass through it any lesion in the prostate will produce difficulty in passing urine.

Diseases of the prostate gland:-

1) Prostatitis:-

This is the inflamation of the prostate gland due to bacterial infection.

2) Benign enlargement of the prostate:-

This is a non cancerous tumour of the prostate seen after the age of 50. 3,Cancer of the prostate:-This is the 4th most common cause of death from malignant diseases in males.

Cancer of the prostate.

Cancer of the prostate is directly linked with the male sex hormones(androgens).If the levels of sex hormone increases the growth rate of cancer also increases.It is found that after the removel of testes there is marked reduction in the size of tumour.

Site of tumour:-

Prostate cancer is seen mainly in the posterior lobe.Non cancerous enlargement is seen in other lobes.

Changes in the gland in cancer:-

The gland becomes hard with irregular surface with loss of normal lobulation .Histologically prostate cancer is an adeno carcinoma(cancer of the epithelial cells in the gland)

Growth :-

Growth rate is very fast in prostate cancer .The tumour compresses the urethra and produce difficulty in urination.

Spread of tumour:-

Metastasis in cancer of prostate is very early.

1) Local spread:-

From the posterior lobe the cancer cells go to the lateral lobes and seminal vesicles.Tumour cells also move to the neck and base of the urinary bladder.

2) Lymphatic spread:-

Through the lymph vessels cancer cells reach the internal and external illiac group of lymph nodes.From there cells move to retroperitonial(Behind the peritonium) and mediastinal lymph nodes(in the chest)

3) Spread through the blood:-

Spread of cancer cells takeplace through the periprostatic venous plexus and reaches the vertebral veins while coughing and sneezing and finally enders the vertebral bodies of the lumbar vertebrae.

Signs and symptoms of prostate cancer:--

Signs and symptoms depend upon the stage of the cancer. The following symptoms may be seen.

1) No symptoms:-

Tumour is small and only in the posterior lobe. This is diagnosed accidentely.

2) Slight difficulty in urination:-

Here the tumour is enlarged and urethra is slightly compressed.Shortly there will be frequent urge for urination with difficult urination.

3) When the tumour spread to all nearby areas including neck of bladder and urethra there will be painful urination with bleeding.Urine comes drop by drop.

4) Retention of urine:-

When the urethra is completely compressed there will be retention of urine.This can lead to hydronephrosis, renal failure ect.In this condition patient may get convulsions due to renal failure and finally coma.

5) Signs of metastasis:-

Some patients come with the signs and symptoms of metastasis.

a) Lumbo sacral pain due to spread of cancer cells to lumbar and sacral vertebrae.

b) Fracture of spine due to cancerous growth in the spine.

c) Swelling, pain and fluid collection in the abdomen due to lesion in the abdomen.

d) Respiratory complaints due to cancer of mediastinal lymphnodes and lungs.

e) General weakness due to spread of cancer to different parts of the body.

f) Anaemia due to involment of bone marrow and increased destruction of RBCs.

Clinical examination :-

Includes per rectal examination to feel the prostate gland,palpation of abdomen to feel the swelling in kidneys and any tumours.Patient is examined from head to foot to find out any lesions.

Investigations:-

1) Complete blood investigations;-

RBC,WBC,Platlets,ESR,bleeding time ,clotting time ect.

2) Urine analysis:-

Microscopic examination to detect pus cells,occult blood,casts,Crystals ect.

3) Renal function tests:-

Blood urea level,serum creatinine level,electrolyte level ect.

4) Serum acid phosphatase:-

Increased in cancer of prostate.

5) x-ray of the spine:-

To detect any tumour or fracture.

6) Ultra sonography;-

Gives idea about prostate,bladder,kidney ect.

7) C T scan:-

More detailed information about organs and tumour.

8) MRI of the spine:-

Gives detailed information about spine ,disc and nearby soft tissues.

9) Lymphangiography:-

Gives idea about lymphatic spread of cancer.

10) Biopsy to confirm cancer:-

Biopsy is taken from the tumour and is send for histopathological examination under the microscope.This will detect the presence of cancer cells.

Treatment:-

1) If there is retention of urine catheterisation is needed.
2) Dialysis if kidney failure.
3) If there is coma monitoring of all vital functions along with parentral nutrition and electolyte supply.
4) Specific treatment is prostatectomy(removal of prostate)

Partial prostatectomy :-

Here only the affected lobe is removed.

Radical prostatectomy :-

Total removal of prostate along with nearby lymphnodes.

5, Hormone therapy :-

Stilbestrol is given to reduce tumour growth.Since this treatement increases the chance for cardiovascular disease phosphorylated diethyle stilbesterol is used nowadays.

6) Chemotherapy:-Drugs like cyclophosphamide, cisoplatim ect are given.

7) Radiotherapy is also done for some cases.

8) Homoeopathy:-

Homoeopathic drugs like carcinocin, conium, sabal, crotalus, thuja, iodum, selinium, staphysagria, sulphur ect can be given according to symptoms.Constitutional homoeopathic medicine will give great relief and can increase the life span.

9) Yoga and meditation is also healpful.

ALCOHOL HAS NO FOOD VALUE

Alcohol has no food value and is exceedingly limited in its action as a remedial agent. Dr. Henry Monroe says, "every kind of substance employed by man as food consists of sugar, starch, oil and glutinous matter mingled together in various proportions. These are designed for the support of the animal frame. The glutinous principles of food fibrine, albumen and casein are employed to build up the structure while the oil, starch and sugar are chiefly used to generate heat in the body".

Now it is clear that if alcohol is a food, it will be found to contain one or more of these substances. There must be in it either the nitrogenous elements found chiefly in meats, eggs, milk, vegetables and seeds, out of which animal tissue is built and waste repaired or the carbonaceous elements found in fat, starch and sugar, in the consumption of which heat and force are evolved.

"The distinctness of these groups of foods," says Dr. Hunt, "and their relations to the tissue-producing and heat-evolving capacities of man, are so definite and so confirmed by experiments on animals and by manifold tests of scientific, physiological and clinical experience, that no attempt to discard the classification has prevailed. To draw so straight a line of demarcation as to limit the one entirely to tissue or cell production and the other to heat and force production through ordinary combustion and to deny any power of interchangeability under special demands or amid defective supply of one variety is, indeed, untenable. This does not in the least invalidate the fact that we are able to use these as ascertained landmarks".

How these substances when taken into the body, are assimilated and how they generate force, are well known to the chemist and physiologist, who is able, in the light of well-ascertained laws, to determine whether alcohol does or does not possess a food value. For years, the ablest men in the medical profession have given this subject the most careful study, and have subjected alcohol to every known test and experiment, and the result is that it has been, by common consent, excluded from the class of tissue-building foods. "We have never," says Dr. Hunt, "seen but a single suggestion that it could so act, and this a promiscuous guess. One writer (Hammond) thinks it possible that it may 'somehow' enter into combination with the products of decay in tissues, and 'under certain circumstances might yield their nitrogen to the construction of new tissues.' No parallel in organic chemistry, nor any evidence in animal chemistry, can be found to surround this guess with the areola of a possible hypothesis".

Dr. Richardson says: "Alcohol contains no nitrogen; it has none of the qualities of structure-building foods; it is incapable of being transformed into any of them; it is, therefore, not a food in any sense of its being a constructive agent in building up the body." Dr. W.B. Carpenter says: "Alcohol cannot supply anything which is essential to the true nutrition of the tissues." Dr. Liebig says: "Beer, wine, spirits, etc., furnish no element capable of entering into the composition of the blood, muscular fibre, or any part which is the seat of the principle of life." Dr. Hammond, in his Tribune Lectures, in which he advocates the use of alcohol in certain cases, says: "It is not demonstrable that alcohol undergoes conversion into tissue." Cameron, in his Manuel of Hygiene, says: "There is nothing in alcohol with which any part of the body can be nourished." Dr. E. Smith, F.R.S., says: "Alcohol is not a true food. It interferes with alimentation." Dr. T.K. Chambers says: "It is clear that we must cease to regard alcohol, as in any sense, a food".

"Not detecting in this substance," says Dr. Hunt, "any tissue-making ingredients, nor in its breaking up any combinations, such as we are able to trace in the cell foods, nor any evidence either in the experience of physiologists or the trials of alimentarians, it is not wonderful that in it we should find neither the expectancy nor the realization of constructive power."

Not finding in alcohol anything out of which the body can be built up or its waste supplied, it is next to be examined as to its heat-producing quality.

Production of heat.
------------------

"The first usual test for a force-producing food," says Dr. Hunt, "and that to which other foods of that class respond, is the production of heat in the combination of oxygen therewith. This heat means vital force, and is, in no small degree, a measure of the comparative value of the so-called respiratory foods. If we examine the fats, the starches and the sugars, we can trace and estimate the processes by which they evolve heat and are changed into vital force, and can weigh the capacities of different foods. We find that the consumption of carbon by union with oxygen is the law, that heat is the product, and that the legitimate result is force, while the result of the union of the hydrogen of the foods with oxygen is water. If alcohol comes at all under this class of foods, we rightly expect to find some of the evidences which attach to the hydrocarbons."

What, then, is the result of experiments in this direction? They have been conducted through long periods and with the greatest care, by men of the highest attainments in chemistry and physiology, and the result is given in these few words, by Dr. H.R. Wood, Jr., in his Materia Medica. "No one has been able to detect in the blood any of the ordinary results of its oxidation." That is, no one has been able to find that alcohol has undergone combustion, like fat, or starch, or sugar, and so given heat to the body.

Alcohol and reduction of temperature.
------------------------------------

instead of increasing it; and it has even been used in fevers as an anti-pyretic. So uniform has been the testimony of physicians in Europe and America as to the cooling effects of alcohol, that Dr. Wood says, in his Materia Medica, "that it does not seem worth while to occupy space with a discussion of the subject." Liebermeister, one of the most learned contributors to Zeimssen's Cyclopaedia of the Practice of Medicine, 1875, says: "I long since convinced myself, by direct experiments, that alcohol, even in comparatively large doses, does not elevate the temperature of the body in either well or sick people." So well had this become known to Arctic voyagers, that, even before physiologists had demonstrated the fact that alcohol reduced, instead of increasing, the temperature of the body, they had learned that spirits lessened their power to withstand extreme cold. "In the Northern regions," says Edward Smith, "it was proved that the entire exclusion of spirits was necessary, in order to retain heat under these unfavorable conditions."

Alcohol does not make you strong.
--------------------------------

If alcohol does not contain tissue-building material, nor give heat to the body, it cannot possibly add to its strength. "Every kind of power an animal can generate," says Dr. G. Budd, F.R.S., "the mechanical power of the muscles, the chemical (or digestive) power of the stomach, the intellectual power of the brain accumulates through the nutrition of the organ on which it depends." Dr. F.R. Lees, of Edinburgh, after discussing the question, and educing evidence, remarks: "From the very nature of things, it will now be seen how impossible it is that alcohol can be strengthening food of either kind. Since it cannot become a part of the body, it cannot consequently contribute to its cohesive, organic strength, or fixed power; and, since it comes out of the body just as it went in, it cannot, by its decomposition, generate heat force."

Sir Benjamin Brodie says: "Stimulants do not create nervous power; they merely enable you, as it were, to use up that which is left, and then they leave you more in need of rest than before."

Baron Liebig, so far back as 1843, in his "Animal Chemistry," pointed out the fallacy of alcohol generating power. He says: "The circulation will appear accelerated at the expense of the force available for voluntary motion, but without the production of a greater amount of mechanical force." In his later "Letters," he again says: "Wine is quite superfluous to man, it is constantly followed by the expenditure of power" whereas, the real function of food is to give power. He adds: "These drinks promote the change of matter in the body, and are, consequently, attended by an inward loss of power, which ceases to be productive, because it is not employed in overcoming outward difficulties i.e., in working." In other words, this great chemist asserts that alcohol abstracts the power of the system from doing useful work in the field or workshop, in order to cleanse the house from the defilement of alcohol itself.

The late Dr. W. Brinton, Physician to St. Thomas', in his great work on Dietetics, says: "Careful observation leaves little doubt that a moderate dose of beer or wine would, in most cases, at once diminish the maximum weight which a healthy person could lift. Mental acuteness, accuracy of perception and delicacy of the senses are all so far opposed by alcohol, as that the maximum efforts of each are incompatible with the ingestion of any moderate quantity of fermented liquid. A single glass will often suffice to take the edge off both mind and body, and to reduce their capacity to something below their perfection of work."

Dr. F.R. Lees, F.S.A., writing on the subject of alcohol as a food, makes the following quotation from an essay on "Stimulating Drinks," published by Dr. H.R. Madden, as long ago as 1847: "Alcohol is not the natural stimulus to any of our organs, and hence, functions performed in consequence of its application, tend to debilitate the organ acted upon.

Alcohol is incapable of being assimilated or converted into any organic proximate principle, and hence, cannot be considered nutritious.

The strength experienced after the use of alcohol is not new strength added to the system, but is manifested by calling into exercise the nervous energy pre-existing.

The ultimate exhausting effects of alcohol, owing to its stimulant properties, produce an unnatural susceptibility to morbid action in all the organs, and this, with the plethora superinduced, becomes a fertile source of disease.

A person who habitually exerts himself to such an extent as to require the daily use of stimulants to ward off exhaustion, may be compared to a machine working under high pressure. He will become much more obnoxious to the causes of disease, and will certainly break down sooner than he would have done under more favorable circumstances.

The more frequently alcohol is had recourse to for the purpose of overcoming feelings of debility, the more it will be required, and by constant repetition a period is at length reached when it cannot be foregone, unless reaction is simultaneously brought about by a temporary total change of the habits of life.

Driven to the wall.
------------------

Not finding that alcohol possesses any direct alimentary value, the medical advocates of its use have been driven to the assumption that it is a kind of secondary food, in that it has the power to delay the metamorphosis of tissue. "By the metamorphosis of tissue is meant," says Dr. Hunt, "that change which is constantly going on in the system which involves a constant disintegration of material; a breaking up and avoiding of that which is no longer aliment, making room for that new supply which is to sustain life." Another medical writer, in referring to this metamorphosis, says: "The importance of this process to the maintenance of life is readily shown by the injurious effects which follow upon its disturbance. If the discharge of the excrementitious substances be in any way impeded or suspended, these substances accumulate either in the blood or tissues, or both. In consequence of this retention and accumulation they become poisonous, and rapidly produce a derangement of the vital functions. Their influence is principally exerted upon the nervous system, through which they produce most frequent irritability, disturbance of the special senses, delirium, insensibility, coma, and finally, death."

"This description," remarks Dr. Hunt, "seems almost intended for alcohol." He then says: "To claim alcohol as a food because it delays the metamorphosis of tissue, is to claim that it in some way suspends the normal conduct of the laws of assimilation and nutrition, of waste and repair. A leading advocate of alcohol (Hammond) thus illustrates it: 'Alcohol retards the destruction of the tissues. By this destruction, force is generated, muscles contract, thoughts are developed, organs secrete and excrete.' In other words, alcohol interferes with all these. No wonder the author 'is not clear' how it does this, and we are not clear how such delayed metamorphosis recuperates.

Not an originator of vital force.
--------------------------------

which is not known to have any of the usual power of foods, and use it on the double assumption that it delays metamorphosis of tissue, and that such delay is conservative of health, is to pass outside of the bounds of science into the land of remote possibilities, and confer the title of adjuster upon an agent whose agency is itself doubtful.

Having failed to identify alcohol as a nitrogenous or non-nitrogenous food, not having found it amenable to any of the evidences by which the food-force of aliments is generally measured, it will not do for us to talk of benefit by delay of regressive metamorphosis unless such process is accompanied with something evidential of the fact something scientifically descriptive of its mode of accomplishment in the case at hand, and unless it is shown to be practically desirable for alimentation.

There can be no doubt that alcohol does cause defects in the processes of elimination which are natural to the healthy body and which even in disease are often conservative of health.

Aids

AIDS (açılımı) Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome kelimelerinin kısaltması olarak ortaya çıkmış ve Edinilmiş Yetersiz Bağışıklık Sistemi Sendromu olarak Türkçe'ye çevrilmiştir.

AIDS ilk olarak 1981 yılında Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde keşfedilmiştir. Keşfinden hemen sonra hızla yayılarak; erkek, çocuk, siyah, beyaz, Latin, Asyalı, zengin, fakir demeden bir çok insanın ölümüne neden olmuştur. Günümüze kadar AIDS'ten 225.000 kişinin öldüğü kaydedilmiştir. Bu sayı her 13 ila 15 ayda ikiye katlanmaktadır.

AIDS için halen kesin olarak bilinen bir tedavi yöntemi bulunmamaktadır. AIDS'ten korunmak bu tehlikeli ve ölümcül virüsün yayılmasını önlemek için uygulanabilecek tek yoldur. HIV, Human Immune Deficiency Virus, vücut bağışıklık sistemi virüsü, AIDS tamamen vücut bağışıklık sistemi ile ilgili olduğundan, hastalığa sebep olan virüse bu isim verilmiştir. Virüs, insan vücudunun hastalıklara karşı direncini sağlayan bağışıklık sistemini etkisiz hale getirmektedir. Vücut bağışıklık sisteminin etkisiz hale gelmesi, virüsten etkilenmeden önce kolayca başedebildiği deiğer hastalık mikroplarıyla artık çarpışamayacak duruma gelmesi demektir. Bu da basit bir enefeksiyonun bile ölümcül hale gelmesine sebep olabilir. AIDS hastalarının yarısından çoğu bağışıklık sistemlerinin etkisiz hale gelmesi yüzünden basit enfeksiyonlara yenilerek hayata veda etmişlerdir.

İnsan vücudu bir defa HIV virüsü ile enfekte olmuşsa artık bu virüsün hiçbirşekilde yok edilmesi yada vücuttan atılması mümkün değildir. Fakat, virüsün etkilerine engel olmak için bir takım ilaçlar geliştirilmiştir. Bunlardan ilki ve ençok bilineni AZT (Zidovudine) adı verilen ilaçtır. Bu ilaç virüsün çoğalmasını engellemektedir. AZT AIDS virüsünün meydana getirdiği belirtilerin görünmesini engellemekte ve AIDS'li hastanın yaşamının kısmen de olsa uzamasını sağlamaktadır.

Bilim adamları AIDS'le savaşabilmenin diğer yollarını aramaya devam etmektedirler. Son yıllarda bu konuda büyük gelişme kaydedilmiştir. AIDS'e karşı korunmak için aşıların testleri halen deneysel aşamadadır. 1990 yılının başlarından itibaren bu konuda başarılı sonuçlar kaydedilmektedir.

AIDS dokunma, öpüşme, solunum gibi dış kontaklarla bulaşan bir hastalık değildir. Bu nedenle insanların AIDS'li hastalara yaklaşmaması ya da onları toplumdan dışlaması hem gereksiz hem de yanlış bir tutumdur. Çünkü AIDS'li bir hastaya dokunarak veya yanında bulunarak AIDS'e yakalanmanın mümkün değildir. Ayrıca AIDS evcil hayvanlardan, tuvaletlerden, yüzme havuzlarından, tabak ya da bardaklardan bulaşıcı özellik göstermez. Bu nedenle insanların bu konularda korkutulması ya da yersiz bir kaygıya neden olunması çok yanlıştır. AIDS'in ana bulaşma yolu seksüel birleşme, uyuşturucu kullanıcılarının enjektörlerini paylaşması ve çok da az olsa kan transferidir. Ne yazık ki, AIDS hastalığına yakalanmış hamile bir kadının daha doğmamış bebeği de bu hastalığa yakalanmış demektir.

Neden AIDS'i daha önce duymamıştık? AIDS 1981 yılına kadar tanımlanmış bir hastalık değildi. AIDS'in izinin sürülmesi doktorların bu bilinmeyen hastalığı yeterli derecede tanımasıyla başladı. AIDS'in ilk rastlandığı 1981 yılında ABD'de 316 kişinin AIDS hastalığına yakalandığı tespit edilmiştir. Beş yıl sonra 1986 Ağustos'unda 23.000 vaka rapor edilmiştir. Hastalığın artışı büyük bir hızla devam etmiş ve 1990'larda sadece ABD'de 60.000 nin üstünde AIDS hastası tespit edilmiştir. Bu hızlı artış, bilim adamları, doktorlar ve hükümetler için bir alarm sinyali olmuş ve onları konuyla ciddi biçimde ilgilenmeye itmiştir.

AIDS'in gerçek kökeni bilinmemektedir. Çünkü AIDS yeni gelişmiş bir hastalıktır. AIDS'in kökeni hakkındaki en geçerli görüş hastalığın Afrika kökenli olduğudur. Afrika'da ki yeşil maymunların taşıdığı bir virüs insanlarda rastlanan AIDS virüsüne çok benzemektedir. Bilimsel tahminler maymunlarda rastlanan virüsün doğal ortamda organizmalar içinde yaşamını sürdürerek, mutasyon geçirdiği ve burdanda insanlara geçtiği üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Görülen mutasyonun çok nadir olduğu da görüşler arasında yer almaktadır.

Bir başka görüş ise virüsün biyolojik silah olarak üretilmek istendiği fakat sonucun etkisi uzun sürede görüldüğü için araştırmalara devam edilmediği, ve bir ara nasıl olduysa labaratuvar dışına çıkarılarak insanlara bulaştırıldığı üzerinedir. Yeşil maymunlar Afrika'nın çoğu bölgesinde lezzetli bir yemek olarak görülmektedir. Virüsün maymunlardan insana iyi pişmemiş organlardan ya da etlerin pişirilmeye hazırlanırken meydana gelebilecek kesik vb. gibi yaralardan bulaşmış olabileceği de düşünülmektedir. Çünkü bilindiği gibi virüsün bulaşma yollarının en önemlilerinden biri kandır. Hastalığın ilk insana bulaşması böyle olmuştur. Bundan sonra hastalık diğer insanlara seksüel birleşme ve uyuşturucu kullanımı ve kan transferleri sırasında yayılmıştır. Afrika devletlerinin bir çoğu bu görüşün mantıklı olduğunu savunmaktadır. Bu olayların hiçbiri ırkla ilgili değildir. Şunu unutmamak gerekir ki tek bir kişi değil tüm insanlık AIDS'in gelişmesinden sorumludur ve bizde bu sorumluluğu paylaşmaktan ve bu öldürücü virüsün yayılmasını engellemekten sorumlu sayılırız.

Cancer

Cancer (medical term: malignant neoplasm) is a class of diseases in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth (division beyond the normal limits), invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastasis (spread to other locations in the body via lymph or blood). These three malignantbenign tumors, which are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Most cancers form a tumor but some, like leukemia, do not. The branch of medicine concerned with the study, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cancer is oncology. properties of cancers differentiate them from

Cancer may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for most varieties increases with age.[1] Cancer causes about 13% of all deaths.[2] According to the American Cancer Society, 7.6 million people died from cancer in the world during 2007.[3] Cancers can affect all animals.

Nearly all cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. These abnormalities may be due to the effects of carcinogens, such as tobacco smoke, radiation, chemicals, or infectious agents. Other cancer-promoting genetic abnormalities may be randomly acquired through errors in DNA replication, or are inherited, and thus present in all cells from birth. The heritability of cancers are usually affected by complex interactions between carcinogens and the host's genome. New aspects of the genetics of cancer pathogenesis, such as DNA methylation, and microRNAs are increasingly recognized as important.

Genetic abnormalities found in cancer typically affect two general classes of genes. Cancer-promoting oncogenes are typically activated in cancer cells, giving those cells new properties, such as hyperactive growth and division, protection against programmed cell death, loss of respect for normal tissue boundaries, and the ability to become established in diverse tissue environments. Tumor suppressor genes are then inactivated in cancer cells, resulting in the loss of normal functions in those cells, such as accurate DNA replication, control over the cell cycle, orientation and adhesion within tissues, and interaction with protective cells of the immune system.

Diagnosis usually requires the histologic examination of a tissue biopsy specimen by a pathologist, although the initial indication of malignancy can be symptoms or radiographic imaging abnormalities. Most cancers can be treated and some cured, depending on the specific type, location, and stage. Once diagnosed, cancer is usually treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. As research develops, treatments are becoming more specific for different varieties of cancer. There has been significant progress in the development of targeted therapy drugs that act specifically on detectable molecular abnormalities in certain tumors, and which minimize damage to normal cells. The prognosis of cancer patients is most influenced by the type of cancer, as well as the stage, or extent of the disease. In addition, histologic grading and the presence of specific molecular markers can also be useful in establishing prognosis, as well as in determining individual treatments.


Classification

Cancer is generally classified according to the tissue from which the cancerous cells originate, the primary tumor, as well as the normal cell type they most resemble. These are location and histology, respectively.

Nomenclature

The following closely related terms may be used to designate abnormal growths:

* Tumor: originally, it meant any abnormal swelling, lump or mass. In current English, however, the word tumor has become synonymous with neoplasm, specifically solid neoplasm. Note that some neoplasms, such as leukemia, do not form tumors.
* Neoplasm: the scientific term to describe an abnormal proliferation of genetically altered cells. Neoplasms can be benign or malignant:
o Malignant neoplasm or malignant tumor: synonymous with cancer.
o Benign neoplasm or benign tumor: a tumor (solid neoplasm) that stops growing by itself, does not invade other tissues and does not form metastases.
* Invasive tumor is another synonym of cancer. The name refers to invasion of surrounding tissues.
* Pre-malignancy, pre-cancer or non-invasive tumor: A neoplasm that is not invasive but has the potential to progress to cancer (become invasive) if left untreated. These lesions are, in order of increasing potential for cancer, atypia, dysplasia and carcinoma in situ.

The following terms can be used to describe a cancer:

* Screening: a test done on healthy people to detect tumors before they become apparent. A mammogram is a screening test.
* Diagnosis: the confirmation of the cancerous nature of a lump. This usually requires a biopsy or removal of the tumor by surgery, followed by examination by a pathologist.
* Surgical excision: the removal of a tumor by a surgeon.
o Surgical margins: the evaluation by a pathologist of the edges of the tissue removed by the surgeon to determine if the tumor was removed completely ("negative margins") or if tumor was left behind ("positive margins").
* Grade: a number (usually on a scale of 3) established by a pathologist to describe the degree of resemblance of the tumor to the surrounding benign tissue.
* Stage: a number (usually on a scale of 4) established by the oncologist to describe the degree of invasion of the body by the tumor.
* Recurrence: new tumors that appear at the site of the original tumor after surgery.
* Metastasis: new tumors that appear far from the original tumor.
* Transformation: the concept that a low-grade tumor transforms to a high-grade tumor over time. Example: Richter's transformation.
* Chemotherapy: treatment with drugs.
* Radiation therapy: treatment with radiations.
* Adjuvant therapy: treatment, either chemotherapy or radiation therapy, given after surgery to kill the remaining cancer cells.
* Prognosis: the probability of cure after the therapy. It is usually expressed as a probability of survival five years after diagnosis. Alternatively, it can be expressed as the number of years when 50% of the patients are still alive. Both numbers are derived from statistics accumulated with hundreds of similar patients to give a Kaplan-Meier curve.

Cancers are classified by the type of cell that resembles the tumor and, therefore, the tissue presumed to be the origin of the tumor. Examples of general categories include:

* Carcinoma: Malignant tumors derived from epithelial cells. This group represents the most common cancers, including the common forms of breast, prostate, lung and colon cancer.
* Sarcoma: Malignant tumors derived from connective tissue, or mesenchymal cells.
* Lymphoma and leukemia: Malignancies derived from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells
* Germ cell tumor: Tumors derived from totipotent cells. In adults most often found in the testicle and ovary; in fetuses, babies, and young children most often found on the body midline, particularly at the tip of the tailbone; in horses most often found at the poll (base of the skull).
* Blastic tumor: A tumor (usually malignant) which resembles an immature or embryonic tissue. Many of these tumors are most common in children.

Malignant tumors (cancers) are usually named using -carcinoma, -sarcoma or -blastoma as a suffix, with the Latin or Greek word for the organ of origin as the root. For instance, a cancer of the liver is called hepatocarcinoma; a cancer of the fat cells is called liposarcoma. For common cancers, the English organ name is used. For instance, the most common type of breast cancer is called ductal carcinoma of the breast or mammary ductal carcinoma. Here, the adjective ductal refers to the appearance of the cancer under the microscope, resembling normal breast ducts.

Benign tumors (which are not cancers) are named using -oma as a suffix with the organ name as the root. For instance, a benign tumor of the smooth muscle of the uterus is called leiomyoma (the common name of this frequent tumor is fibroid). Unfortunately, some cancers also use the -oma suffix, examples being melanoma and seminoma.

Biopsy

A cancer may be suspected for a variety of reasons, but the definitive diagnosis of most malignancies must be confirmed by histological examination of the cancerous cells by a pathologist. Tissue can be obtained from a biopsy or surgery. Many biopsies (such as those of the skin, breast or liver) can be done in a doctor's office. Biopsies of other organs are performed under anesthesia and require surgery in an operating room.

The tissue diagnosis given by the pathologist indicates the type of cell that is proliferating, its histological grade and other features of the tumor. Together, this information is useful to evaluate the prognosis of this patient and to choose the best treatment. Cytogenetics and immunohistochemistry are other types of testing that the pathologist may perform on the tissue specimen. These tests may provide information about future behavior of the cancer (prognosis) and best treatment.