Swine Flu Brings Rearing Techniques into Question

The highly contagious swine flu, which usually affects pigs, has killed at least 100 people in Mexico and spread to Europe. The real question is, could this virus have been a pandemic waiting to happen? Ozge Ibrahim finds out. As governments around the world move swiftly to contain the spread of a flu virus that combines swine, avian and human influenza, the US Department of Agriculture is monitoring the health of its livestock but has yet to ban the movement of pork produce at its borders. Other countries, however, have been fast to enforce a ban. Today, China announced it had banned imports of live pigs and pork products from Mexico and three US states. Shipments starting from 26 April from Mexico and Texas, California and Kansas will be returned or destroyed, China’s General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine said. "); //]]>--> Indonesia has also suspended pork imports together with other measures to help control the movement of people in and out of the country’s borders. And the Philippines announced on the the 26 April that it had temporarily banned the import of hogs and pork products from Mexico and the US. More than just swine flu There are many different types of swine flu. The current cases involve the H1N1 strain of the type A influenza virus. The human strain has been confirmed in laboratory tests to be from the H1N1 virus. The US Agriculture Department (USDA), which has the power to shut down the movement of food produce, has said there is no evidence that swine have been infected with the virus. In a separate statement, the US Department of Agriculture said: "USDA has in place, and did so before the last week's events, a surveillance system to monitor animal health." As an additional precautionary measure, the USDA said it will "reach out to agriculture officials in every state to affirm that they have no signs of this virus type in their state". The department is also keen to stress that swine flu viruses are not transmitted by food, which means the virus cannot be contracted from eating pork or pork products. Cooking pork to an internal temperature of 160°F usually kills all viruses and other food-borne pathogens. While people do not normally catch it, humans can contract the virus, usually if they have been in close contact with pigs. Poor pig health The pig industry has been under scrutiny for many years with farming and agriculture practises a source of controversy and debate around the world. According to analyst estimates, pig diseases in costs British pig producers at least £50m a year. Earlier this month, New Zealand’s pork chairman Chris Trengrove warned the NZ Ministry of Agriculture's release of provisional import health standards would allow pig meat containing the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) virus to be widely distributed in NZ, putting the country's pork industry at unnecessary risk. The virus leads to sows aborting and a slow and painful death for piglets. The disease, which does not affect humans, is rated as the main enemy of the pork industry worldwide. Critics of farming practises argue that the widespread policy of treating pigs and other farm animals in close proximity before outbreaks of diseases can lead to antibiotic-resistant strains of disease forming. Coupled with the sheer amount of diseases pigs can develop, pig farmers are faced with a challenge to keep their produce healthy. An outbreak of foot and mouth disease in Britain in 2001 led to the slaughter of thousands of infected animals to contain the virus. British laws aimed at preventing the spread of foot and mouth disease were relaxed in 2003 although global agriculture organisations and governments are still quick to move to contain any minor outbreaks. While experts are yet to confirm whether swine flu has spread to humans from Mexican pig farms, agricultural practises and hygiene methods may come under fire once more information is known. Although devastating for the farming and food processing industries, viruses such as PRRS and foot and mouth rarely affect humans. With further information and warnings on the spread of the disease expected from the World Health Organisation over the coming days, every step of the food supply chain will be affected by this deadly flu outbreak.

Eating Right and Keeping Fit

Keeping a healthy weight is good for your physical and mental well-being. Proper eating habits and moderate exercise are crucial to keeping your weight healthy and your body fit.
Being overweight is a problem for many people in the United States. People who are overweight eat more calories than they use. They are more likely to have medical conditions and some cancers. Extreme weight loss and being very underweight also can be bad for your health.
This pamphlet will tell you about:
What is a healthy weight for you
The dangers of excess weight
Tips to control your weight
What Is a Healthy Weight?
To stay healthy, you should keep your weight at the level best for your height. Different tables have been used to show ideal weights. You may have seen tables that suggest different weights for men and women based on age, height or body frame sizes. Today many doctors use the body mass index (BMI) chart shown here to check if your weight is healthy.
The BMI compares a person's height to their weight to see if they are overweight. Having a BMI of 20 to 24 is normal, and 25 to 29.9 is overweight. A woman with a score of 30 or higher is obese.
The shape of your body is also a factor in keeping a healthy weight. Excess fat in the abdomen (an "apple" shape) is believed to be a greater health risk than fat in the hips and thighs (a "pear" shape). To check your body shape:
Measure around your waist near your navel while you stand relaxed. Do not pull in your stomach.
Measure around your hips, over the buttocks, where they are largest.
Research in adults suggests that you may be at greater risk for a number of diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, if your waist is the same size or larger than your hips.
About Fat
Everyone must have some body fat. Fat provides a form of energy. Energy not used is stored in the fat cells.
If you are overweight, you likely have too much fat stored. Fat normally makes up about 20 percent to 25 percent of a woman's body weight. In most cases, men have less body fat - about 15 percent to 20 percent of their body weight.

Factors That Affect Weight
People who are overweight often eat too much and exercise too little. Every function of the body - from building cells to moving muscles - requires energy. Energy is measured in calories. Calories measure how much fuel is in a certain food. When this fuel is burned, calories are used. The body uses only as much of its daily intake of food as it needs for energy. The energy that remains is stored as fat in the body.
An average woman needs about 2,200 calories a day. If you eat 3,500 calories more than you burn off, you will gain one pound. A number of factors effect weight gain:
People tend to weigh more as they age. It is normal for people to be a little heavier as they grow older. Doctors think this does not pose a risk to a person's health.
A woman might not lose all of the weight she gained during pregnancy. If this happens with each pregnancy, the weight can add up.
A woman may have a hard time losing weight because of her metabolism - how your body uses the energy found in the foods you eat. People burn food at different rates. Even if you do not overeat, you might find it hard to lose weight or keep a healthy weight if you don't exercise.
People gain extra weight when fat cells fill and grow. In most people, fat cells increase with growth spurts, such as in infancy and childhood. If you have children, their doctor can help you plan a healthy diet for them. It should include some fat - it is needed for growth. Too much fat in their diet, though, can result in adding fat to their bodies that will be hard to lose later.
Health Hazards of Being Overweight
Many health concerns directly relate to being obese or overweight. The more you weigh over the suggested range, the higher your risk of heart disease. Heart failure occurs almost three times more often in obese women than in women of normal weight. High blood pressure and a lifestyle that is not active raise the risk of heart disease. These risk factors are often found in overweight people.
Many overweight people have high cholesterol. High cholesterol can lead to coronary artery disease. This disease is a clogging of the arteries by cholesterol or fat deposits. With excess weight, the heart has to work harder. The risk of coronary artery disease increases and less blood gets to the heart. In time, arteries in the neck may clog. At some point, blood clots may move through the arteries and increase the risk of heart attacks or stroke. In fact, the risk of stroke among overweight people is four times greater than for people of healthy weight.
Diabetes is one more hazard of being overweight. People with diabetes have levels of sugar in their blood that are too high. Doctors estimate that 85 percent of people with diabetes have the type related to being overweight. These people have enough insulin in their bodies, but the insulin cannot do its work of keeping sugar levels in the blood under control. As a result, sugar needed to nourish your body cannot get into the cells. A healthy diet and regular exercise can go a long way toward helping people with diabetes control the disease.
Gallbladder disease is found most often in obese women. Gallstones have been linked to high-calorie diets.
Overweight women are more likely to have certain kinds of cancer. Cancer of the endometrium is five times more common in overweight women than in women with healthy weights. Breast, colon and rectal cancers also are more common in overweight women. These types of cancer may be linked to diet. Some of these risks can be reduced by eating a healthy, low-fat diet and exercising.
Problems During Pregnancy and Childbirth
Both over- and underweight women may have problems getting pregnant. The more overweight or underweight they are, the less likely it is to occur.
If overweight women become pregnant, they may face certain problems during pregnancy. They are more prone to diabetes or high blood pressure during pregnancy, which are linked to being overweight. Obese women also are more likely to have a cesarean birth because their babies are too large to fit safely through the birth canal. There is an increased risk of complication during any surgery - including a cesarean birth - for any obese person.
Excess weight gained during pregnancy might be hard to lose after the birth of a child. If a woman is 20 percent overweight before she becomes pregnant, she needs to gain less than mothers of normal weight. A doctor will be able to tell a woman how much weight she should gain based on her weight before getting pregnant. A woman should never try to lose weight while she is pregnant.
Health Through Weight Control
There is no magic answer to taking off weight and keeping it off. The best way to lose weight is to exercise and eat fewer calories. Losing weight requires a long-term commitment to good eating habits and regular exercise. "Yo-yo" or on-and-off dieting is not healthy. Healthy habits help to reduce or reverse health hazards of being overweight. A person who loses weight will feel better and find it easier to be more active.
Losing weight is hard. A doctor or nurse, sometimes working with a nutritionist, can help you plan a healthy weight-loss program. You may need some emotional support as well. Ask your doctor about support groups or counseling options.
Take a good look at your eating habits. You may wish to keep a food diary. It can help you find patterns of what you eat and why, when and how. Avoid extremes of diet (fewer than 1,000 calories a day) unless your doctor is guiding your diet. Do not use over-the-counter weight loss aids without talking to your doctor - they may be harmful and cause problems.
Look at how active you are, too. You may have to find ways to get more exercise.
If you are a smoker, you may be afraid to quit because you might gain more weight. Trying to break more than one habit at the same time can be hard, but it's worth it for your health. Ask your doctor for advice.
Your new healthy eating and exercise habits could improve your family's and friends' health as well. This may help you to stay on track.
NutritionThe United States Department of Agriculture guidelines for health suggest that you eat a variety of foods and maintain a healthy weight. You should choose a diet of healthy foods from the four food groups (see table) to make sure you get all the nutrients you need. These include:
Carbohydrates
Fiber
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals
Water
If you are trying to lose weight, you still need all these nutrients. Choose foods that are low in fat from the four food groups in the table. Also, learning to read a food's label will help you make healthy food choices. The box shows you how.
A high-fat diet can lead to weight gain and high levels of cholesterol. Although fat gives energy, it is high in calories. Fats contain more calories per gram (9) than proteins (4) or carbohydrates (4). Fats should make up no more than 20 percent to 30 percent of the total calories in an adult diet (see box).

Reading Food Labels

All packaged foods must be clearly labeled with nutrition information. Reading food labels can help you make smart food choices. The label will tell you how many grams of fat and how many calories are in each serving.
Serving Size: The amount served and eaten. The numbers on the label refer to this amount of food.
Total Fat: The amount of fat in one serving.
Nutrients: A list of the nutrients the product contains. Nutrients often listed here are total fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, and protein.
Calories: Amount of energy the food supplies.
Percent Daily Values: The percentage of nutrients this product provides based on the RDA. It is based on a diet of 2,000 calories.
ExerciseAbout two thirds of the people who try to lose weight by cutting calories without exercising gain the weight back within a year. Dieting slows your metabolism. This makes your body burn fat more slowly and makes it harder to lose weight.
There are many benefits to a regular exercise program. Exercise speeds up the metabolism, which helps you lose pounds. It also strengthens and tones muscles and conditions the heart. Exercise may give you more energy and improve your mood and self-image.

It is best to begin an exercise program slowly. If you have a question about your health, consult your doctor. For the best results, you should exercise at least three times a week for 30 minutes at a time. Once you become more fit, you can exercise longer - up to 45 minutes to 60 minutes at a time every day. The best type of exercise for weight loss is steady, aerobic exercise that works the heart and lungs. Although pregnant women should not try to lose weight, moderate exercise usually is safe in pregnancy.
When you exercise, fat is replaced by muscle, which weighs more than fat. This means you may lose weight slowly, even though you are losing fat. It often takes weeks before you notice results in your exercise program. But don't be discouraged: your clothes may feel looser before your scale reflects the loss.
Exercise is a key to lifelong weight control. It can be fun. With a regular program, you will feel and live better.
Eating DisordersSome women have eating disorders. One type of eating disorder is anorexia nervosa. Women who have this problem have a distorted body image. They think they are fat when they weigh even less than the suggested body weight for their height and age in most cases. They lose a lot of weight and may exercise to the extreme. They often stop having periods.
Bulimia is a related condition. A person with bulimia binges, or eats a lot, and then forces themselves to vomit. Unlike anorexia nervosa, though, there is no extreme weight loss. Persons with bulimia often abuse laxatives or diuretics and force themselves to vomit or go to the bathroom so they will not gain weight. Persons with anorexia may have bulimic behavior.
Eating disorders can threaten your life. They require both medical attention and counseling. Most women with eating disorders have self-esteem problems that need to be treated. Working on these issues may be hard, but it can be key to your physical and emotional health. If you think you may have an eating disorder, talk with your doctor.
Finally...
The key to weight control is a blend of proper eating habits and regular, moderate exercise. Success comes from changing your lifestyle. Keeping weight off will be easier if you reduce the high-fat foods in your diet. Choose exercise that you like, and vary the exercise to keep yourself interested. For instance, walk one day and bike the next. It helps to have the support of others who are trying to lose weight, too. You might want to join a program designed to help people lose weight and change eating habits.
Begin your healthy patterns now, and work to make them lifelong habits. You will enjoy the benefits for the rest of your life.
Glossary
Cesarean Birth: Delivery of a baby through an incision made in the mother's abdomen and uterus.
Cholesterol: A fatlike substance found in animal fats and oils.
Diabetes: A condition in which the levels of sugar in the blood are too high.
Diuretics: Drugs given to increase the production of urine.
Endometrium: The lining of the uterus.
Estrogen: A female hormone produced in the ovaries during the entire menstrual cycle. Insulin: A hormone that controls the levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood

FOOD POISONING

Introduction:
Food poisoning is an acute gastroenteritis caused by the consumption of a food material or a drink which contains the pathogenic micro organism or their toxins or poisonous chemicals.Food poisoning is common in hostels,hotels,communal feedings, and festivel seasons.
A group of persons will be affected with same type of symptoms ,and they give a history of consumption of a common food before few hours.
Types of food poisoning
1) Bacterial food poisoning:
Here the micro organisms called bacteria are responsible.The food material may contain the pathogenic bacteriae or their toxin and will be ingested along with the food.
2) Non bacterial food poisoning:
Due to the presence of toxic chemicals like fertilizers,insectisides,heavy metals and ect.
Since bacterial food poisoning is common it is discussed here.
Bacterial food poisoning:
All bacteria are not harmful.There are some pathogenic bacteria which secrete toxins and cause clinical manifestations.These organisms enter the human body through food articles or drinks.
How food poisoning occures:
1) Presence of bacteria in the water.
2) The raw materials for the food may contain toxins.
3) Premises where the food is prepared may contain micro organisms or toxins.
4) Food handlers may have some infectious diseases.
5) Some animals like dogs,rats may contaminate the food.
6) If prepared food is kept in the room temperature for a long time and heated again can make a chance for food poisoning. 7) Purposely some body mixing toxins in the food.
Some common bacterial food poisonings.
1) Salmonella food poisoning:
There are three different varieties of salmonella bacteria.(salmonella typhimurium,salmonella cholera suis,salmonella enteritidis) These bacteria are present in milk, milk products and eggs. Symptoms of this food poisoning include nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. Fever is also common.
2) Botulism:
This is the dangerous type of food poisoning caused by clostridium botulinum. The spores of these organisms are seen in the soil and enters the human body through pickles and canned fish ect.Compared to other food poisonings here vomiting and diarrhoea are rare Mainly the nervous system is affected.The symptoms starts with double vision,numbness with weakness.Later there will be paralysis with cardiac and respiratory failure ending in death.
3) Staphylococcal food poisoning:
It is caused by staphylo coccus aureus. These organisms usually cause skin troubles like boils and eruptions.It causes mastitis in cow.Through the milk and milk products it enders and causes gastroenteritis.There will be vomiting,abdominal cramps with diarrhoea.
4) Closteridium food poisoning:
This is caused by closteridium perfringens.They are present in stool,soil and water. They enter the body through,meat,meat dishes and egg ect.If food articles are cooked and kept in room temperature for a long time and heated again before eating can result this food poisoning.Symptoms include vomiting ,diarrhoea and abdominal cramps.
5) Bacillus cereus:
The spores of these organisms can survive cooking and causes enteritis. Diarrhoea and vomiting is common in this infection.
How to investigate food poisoning?
1) Examine each and every person affected.
2) Water sample should be tested.
3) Kitchen, store room and food samples should be examined.
4) The cook and food handlers should be questioned and examined.
5) Samples of vomitus and stool of all victims should be tested to identify the bacteria.
How to prevent food poisoning:-
1) Only purified water should be used.
2) Hygiene should be maintained by all persons keeping contact with food.
3) Workers should use masks, cap and gloves during cooking and serving.
4) Sick individuals should not come in contact with food materials.
5) Kitchen and premises should be neat and clean.
5) Vessels should be washed with soap and hot water.
6) Should not keep the prepared food for a long time in room temperature.
7) All food materials should be kept in closed containers.
8) Animals like dog, cat, rat ect should not come in contact with food materials.
9) Vegetables should be washed before cooking.
10) Meat should be fresh and should be purchased from recognised slaughter house.